Two research groups have demonstrated brain imaging findings in collegiate football players over the course of a season.Importantly these abnormal findings occurred in players who did not experience a concussion..While concussions occurring at all levels of football competition has finally attracted some long overdue attention,more recently the significance of so called " sub-concussive" head blows is under scrutiny.
Bazarian et al studied 10 college football players over the course of one season. ( "Persistent Long Term cerebral White Matter Changes after Sports related Repetitive Head Impacts. Plos one 9(4),e94737)
Head impacts were recorded and measured by helmet accelerometers and brain imaging was done preseason, immediately post season and six months after the end of the season. Imaging was done by the diffusion tensor technique (DTI).This MR technique can demonstrate abnormalities in the white matter and can visualize connections of fiber tracts between different parts of the brain.Current theory regarding traumatic brain injury is that axons are stretched with resultant micro damage.These changes are not detectable by conventional MR while DTI is capable of detecting abnormalities associated with so-called mild brain trauma.
White matter changes were noted in these players none of whom sustained a clinically evident concussion.
The changes in most players,but not all, were also seen in the six month followup images. Evidently in some cases the 6 month period with no head impacts allowed recovery or at least return to the pre season scan pattern.. There was a correlation between number of head impacts and DTI findings. The DTI changes were not correlated with changes in cognitive testing or tests of balance.The authors state that it is not known whether the changes noted represented damage per se or recovery and beneficial plasticity. The number of head impacts ranged from a low of 431 to 1850.Multiple head impacts occur regularly in lineman while quarterbacks and wide receivers are more at risk for more severe single hits and concussions.
A possibly encouraging finding in the Bazarian study is that none of players demonstrated any scan abnormalities at the beginning of the season.One would expect that if these findings were to persist for very long periods of time (longer than 6 months) that these players who likely played football for a number of years by this time would have shown some abnormality from repeated head blows.
Another TDI imaging study was published by TW McAllister ( Effect of head impact of diffusivity measures in a cohort of collegiate contact sports athletes, Neurol. 10:1212/01Dec 11 2013.) There was at least one important difference from Bazarian's results. Quoting the authors from this study which involved 80 varsity football and ice hockey players and 79 non contact sports participants:
"The magnitude of change in corpus callosum MD (mean diffusivity) was associated with poorer performance on a measure of verbal learning and memory."
What are the underlying tissue changes corresponding to the DTI patterns? No one knows whether they represent damage to the axon and or the myelin sheath and/or edema. See here for a comprehensive discussion of the DTI technique and findings in head trauma.
Regardless of the exact relationship between imaging findings and the tissue changes, it is difficult to argue that subjecting (allowing) young brains to sustain multiple hits can be anything other than potentially harmful.Although recent emphasis on concussion and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) has lead to some rule changes in the direction of limiting to some degree head blows and rules regarding management of concussions ( when to be allowed to return to play etc) ,every Friday night tens of thousand of young men hit each other repeatedly in the head and are cheered on by hundred of thousands of football fans and parents. For now the dogs continue to bark while the caravan moves on.
ADDENDUM:9/4/14 and again on 9/24/14
Much to no one's surprise a similar study has been published involving measurement of head impact forces and DTI changes in a high school football team over the course of a season. (Devenport,EM et al, "Abnormal white matter integrity related to head impact exposure in a season of high school varsity football"
J of Neurotrauma 2014 Jul 14, published ahead of print) .There was a significant linear relationship between their measured impact force and DTI changes as well as relationship between DTI measurements and changes in a memory test.
Sunday, August 31, 2014
Wednesday, August 13, 2014
What would happen if Choosing Wisely became the medical "law of the land"?
Choosing Wisely (CW) is an initiative or campaign lead by the American Board of Internal Medicine Foundation (ABIMF) to change the thinking of physicians and patients so that the choice of medical tests and treatments are chosen wisely in such a way as to greatly reduce waste of resources and harm to the patient.At least that is the way in which its proponents frame it.
It began as an apparent low-key program to simply have the physician and her patient sit down together and have a conversation about what needed to be done in a particular patient's case and it continues in part to be marketed as such. So, if for example that a given test, e.g. MR of the lumbar spine,might not be ordered if it were the case that an MR in that stylized scenario had not been shown to be helpful.The patient would be subject to possibly harm of a false positive tests and the possible cascade of more testing,etc etc.
However in the two years since the launching of CW ( at the time of this writing) several policy experts and wonks have envisioned a much more full bodied, authoritative and coercive role for the pronouncements announced under the CW brand. It is this expanded role for CW that I refer to as the medical law of the land.. From simply reducing waste and harm a second wave of CW is devoted to reducing "low value" services,however that may be defined.
So based on some of these experts' recommendations, what would the medical landscape look in the era in which the decisions of Choosing Wisely would be much more than the suggestions or recommendations,which is how they are sometimes presented and instead be determinative in regard to the reimbursements of third party payers, private and public as well as being used in decisions regarding medical specialty certification and maintenance of certification and other mechanisms to decrease medical costs.
Consider the comments of Dr Robert Benson Jr.,President Emeritus of the ABIM and ABIMF writing on the ABIMF blog with bolding of words added by me:
" CMS, which has the ultimate negotiating position in the form of reimbursement for Medicare services, could only accept negotiated bundled charges. It could also refuse payment for non-compliance with the Choosing Wisely recommendations."...ABIM could require candidates to achieve a perfect score on questions related to costs and redundant care as a requirement for admission to secure exams for initial certification or MOC."
So, a candidate for ABIM certification would have to properly quote the Choosing Wiselyrules recommendations before he even gets to take the certification
or MOC examination.
This recent commentary by Dr N.E. Morden and her co-authors from Yale and Harvard tells the same story.
"..physician-endorsed low-value labels will probably be leveraged to these purposes. [cost containment and quality measures]...We believe that if such efforts are designed and applied carefully they should be embraced as a promising method for reducing low-value services."
...linking the lists ( of tests and procedures not to do ) to specialty specific maintenance of certification activities such as practice audits and improvement tasks could also advance their dissemination and uptake at very low cost."
"...Choosing Wisely items should also be incorporated into quality-measurement efforts such as Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services Physician Quality Reporting ...linking low value service use to financial incentives ( translate penalties ) .. should accelerate ...into practice changes."
So payment for physician services,quality ratings,and maintenance of board certification are linked to adherence to the "recommendations" of CW.
In this proposed choosing -wisely world the deciders at CW assume a very powerful position.Various special interest groups stake holders would have great incentive to lobby the CW leaders,to do what they could to direct the "recommendations". Physicians would have to follow the CW guidance or risk loosing certification let alone payment for services. As bound as physicians would be to the dictates of the CW authority how much trust could a patient have that his physician is acting in his ( the patient's) best interests .Making CW the medical law of the land would be a giant step toward the collectivization of medicine and destruction of the traditional physician patient relationship.
Of course, all of those sky-is-falling comments are in stark contrast to what one would read on the websites promoting the CW campaign.. There we hear marketing phrases such as "ensuring the right care at the right time" and doing reasonable, sensible things and involving the patients in the decision process. Mom and apple pie with ice cream on the pie is the image floating above the CW advertising efforts, but when one reads the comments of Benson and Morden et al that outlines what they want to do,a different, darker side of CW is visible.So what is it: an idealized physician-patient collaborative effort or advocacy for an alarming level of medical care hegemony lead by select members of the higher echelons of the progressive medical elite who seem to believe that carrots are not enough .The ABIMF ( financed largely by the ABIM) and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation are spending millions of dollars convincing the public and members of the medical profession that Choosing Wisely is a collaborative,thoughtful movement that just wants to ensure that patients get the right care at the right time while the President Emeritus of ABIM(F) and some policy wonks from Yale and Harvard talk a markedly different game.
Today's trial balloons may well become tomorrow's policies and governing rules about how medicine is practiced and it will not be all about the right treatment at the right time.It will be about the most cost effective means of achieving quality adjusted life years as that is valued by someone other than those trying to live those years.
Addendum: Minor changes in grammar and style made on 10/8/14 and on 12/28/14 and on 2/20/15
It began as an apparent low-key program to simply have the physician and her patient sit down together and have a conversation about what needed to be done in a particular patient's case and it continues in part to be marketed as such. So, if for example that a given test, e.g. MR of the lumbar spine,might not be ordered if it were the case that an MR in that stylized scenario had not been shown to be helpful.The patient would be subject to possibly harm of a false positive tests and the possible cascade of more testing,etc etc.
However in the two years since the launching of CW ( at the time of this writing) several policy experts and wonks have envisioned a much more full bodied, authoritative and coercive role for the pronouncements announced under the CW brand. It is this expanded role for CW that I refer to as the medical law of the land.. From simply reducing waste and harm a second wave of CW is devoted to reducing "low value" services,however that may be defined.
So based on some of these experts' recommendations, what would the medical landscape look in the era in which the decisions of Choosing Wisely would be much more than the suggestions or recommendations,which is how they are sometimes presented and instead be determinative in regard to the reimbursements of third party payers, private and public as well as being used in decisions regarding medical specialty certification and maintenance of certification and other mechanisms to decrease medical costs.
Consider the comments of Dr Robert Benson Jr.,President Emeritus of the ABIM and ABIMF writing on the ABIMF blog with bolding of words added by me:
" CMS, which has the ultimate negotiating position in the form of reimbursement for Medicare services, could only accept negotiated bundled charges. It could also refuse payment for non-compliance with the Choosing Wisely recommendations."...ABIM could require candidates to achieve a perfect score on questions related to costs and redundant care as a requirement for admission to secure exams for initial certification or MOC."
So, a candidate for ABIM certification would have to properly quote the Choosing Wisely
This recent commentary by Dr N.E. Morden and her co-authors from Yale and Harvard tells the same story.
"..physician-endorsed low-value labels will probably be leveraged to these purposes. [cost containment and quality measures]...We believe that if such efforts are designed and applied carefully they should be embraced as a promising method for reducing low-value services."
...linking the lists ( of tests and procedures not to do ) to specialty specific maintenance of certification activities such as practice audits and improvement tasks could also advance their dissemination and uptake at very low cost."
"...Choosing Wisely items should also be incorporated into quality-measurement efforts such as Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services Physician Quality Reporting ...linking low value service use to financial incentives ( translate penalties ) .. should accelerate ...into practice changes."
So payment for physician services,quality ratings,and maintenance of board certification are linked to adherence to the "recommendations" of CW.
In this proposed choosing -wisely world the deciders at CW assume a very powerful position.Various
Of course, all of those sky-is-falling comments are in stark contrast to what one would read on the websites promoting the CW campaign.. There we hear marketing phrases such as "ensuring the right care at the right time" and doing reasonable, sensible things and involving the patients in the decision process. Mom and apple pie with ice cream on the pie is the image floating above the CW advertising efforts, but when one reads the comments of Benson and Morden et al that outlines what they want to do,a different, darker side of CW is visible.So what is it: an idealized physician-patient collaborative effort or advocacy for an alarming level of medical care hegemony lead by select members of the higher echelons of the progressive medical elite who seem to believe that carrots are not enough .The ABIMF ( financed largely by the ABIM) and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation are spending millions of dollars convincing the public and members of the medical profession that Choosing Wisely is a collaborative,thoughtful movement that just wants to ensure that patients get the right care at the right time while the President Emeritus of ABIM(F) and some policy wonks from Yale and Harvard talk a markedly different game.
Today's trial balloons may well become tomorrow's policies and governing rules about how medicine is practiced and it will not be all about the right treatment at the right time.It will be about the most cost effective means of achieving quality adjusted life years as that is valued by someone other than those trying to live those years.
Addendum: Minor changes in grammar and style made on 10/8/14 and on 12/28/14 and on 2/20/15
Wednesday, August 06, 2014
The crusade to change medical ethics,custom and practice gains momentum
The mega-thought leaders,the established leadership of some of the major,influential professional medical organizations, and an alarming numbers of fellow travelers are on a quest to change the thinking of the worker-bee physicians,and the general public (who are either now patients or potential patients) from the long established model of the physician as an advocate and fiduciary to the patient to one in which the physician is a steward of "scarce medical resources" which are characterized as being owned by society.But the physicians who are tricked into acting in that way are not preserving "society's resources" but rather they are boosting the bottom line of some vertically integrated health care entity.
Early explorations and exhortations of this theme in the major medical literature are exemplified by one article in the Annals of Internal Medicine and a series of articles in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA).I chose these articles because the authors were quite explicit about their recommendations.
A series of articles was published in 1995 in JAMA authored by Dr. David Eddy that discussed the metrics and merits of decision analysis which he hailed to be a mechanism to increase the quality of medical care while reducing costs. Eddy defined quality as the greatest medical good for the greatest number within the eco-medical collective (aka HMO now this might be an ACO) It did not go unnoticed to the skeptical reader that Dr. Eddy listed his affiliation as "Kaiser Permanente of Southern California")
In 1998 M.A. Hall,a law professor, and Dr. Robert A. Berenson writing in the Annals of Internal Medicine said that "the traditional ideal" [the prime duty to the patient ] was "not compatible with the role that existing insurance contracts and manged care arrangements define for physicians."
and
"We propose that devotion to the best interests of each individual be replaced with an ethic of devotion to the best interests of the group for which the physician is personally responsible."
Berenson and Hall justified this ethical sea change because the role that insurance contracts would define for the physicians.Medical ethics must change to accommodate the bottom line of the third party payers.If traditional ethics were in the way,just change the ethics and that is exactly what the ACP and the ABIMF are attempting to do.Never mind that for the most part one of the characteristics of a profession is that it and not a third party defines its ethics.They seemed to either rewrite the definition of a profession or declare that the practice of medicine was not really a profession at all.
Dr.Berenson Joined HCFA in 1998.His biography found at the ECRI website indicates that from 1987 to 1997 he was a Vice President at the Lewin Group.Lewin is part of Ingenix which is owned by United Health Care Group.Ingenix changed its name to Optuminsight in early 2011.(See here for details.)He is a fellow at the Urban Institute and in 2010 he became vice of the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MEDPAC)
In a recent NEJM roundtable, Dr. Atul Gawande, summed it up with this reference to "a new culture in practicing medicine" in which physicians will "prioritize our responsibilities as shepherds of scare social resources to the same extent that we've historically prioritized our responsibilities for providing benefits to our specific patients" This, or course, is nothing new. The American Board of Internal Medicine Foundation (ABIMF) and the ACP has been promoting this notion of physicians as stewards of resources as part of the new Medical Professionalism which debuted in prime time in 2002 in a well funded campaign. ABIMF received some $ 13 million from the ABIM which apparently represented receipts well in excess of costs of the various testing programs ABIM administers to internists. Another $ 5 million was in the form of a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation,
The Choosing Wisely campaign is well funded and is in part funded ironically by thousands of internists who sent off their checks to take a certification exam likely unaware their payments to ABIM is used in part to support a political, philosophical campaign whose mission appears to be to usher in the medicine of the collective.
It gets ever worse.Consider the following comments of Dr. John Benson Jr,former CEO of ABIM and ABIMF: (my underlining)
" ABIM could require candidates to achieve a perfect score on questions related to costs and redundant care as a requirement for admission to secure exams for initial certification or MOC."
If a candidate does not learn the Choosing Wisely catechism or some other subjective view of what is and is not high value to the letter she would not even be "allowed" to take the certification exam.
You have to wonder how the typical patient would feel if he knew that his physician was devoted to the best interests of some statistical aggregate, perhaps those who found themselves in some or other ACA or HMO or being treated in some large hospital system.It is not clear to me how many physicians have adopted that perverse devotion but it is clear that the caravan of the medical progressives is expending much effort and money to that end and I am afraid while some dogs are barking objections the caravan will move on.
I still remember the elation and pride that I had when I learned I has passed the Internal Medicine examination ( I became board certified so long ago there was still a written and a oral exam). Now as I look at the efforts of the ACP and the ABIM to destroy the traditional medical ethics of devotion to the patient, pride is not the emotion I feel.
Early explorations and exhortations of this theme in the major medical literature are exemplified by one article in the Annals of Internal Medicine and a series of articles in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA).I chose these articles because the authors were quite explicit about their recommendations.
A series of articles was published in 1995 in JAMA authored by Dr. David Eddy that discussed the metrics and merits of decision analysis which he hailed to be a mechanism to increase the quality of medical care while reducing costs. Eddy defined quality as the greatest medical good for the greatest number within the eco-medical collective (aka HMO now this might be an ACO) It did not go unnoticed to the skeptical reader that Dr. Eddy listed his affiliation as "Kaiser Permanente of Southern California")
In 1998 M.A. Hall,a law professor, and Dr. Robert A. Berenson writing in the Annals of Internal Medicine said that "the traditional ideal" [the prime duty to the patient ] was "not compatible with the role that existing insurance contracts and manged care arrangements define for physicians."
and
"We propose that devotion to the best interests of each individual be replaced with an ethic of devotion to the best interests of the group for which the physician is personally responsible."
Berenson and Hall justified this ethical sea change because the role that insurance contracts would define for the physicians.Medical ethics must change to accommodate the bottom line of the third party payers.If traditional ethics were in the way,just change the ethics and that is exactly what the ACP and the ABIMF are attempting to do.Never mind that for the most part one of the characteristics of a profession is that it and not a third party defines its ethics.They seemed to either rewrite the definition of a profession or declare that the practice of medicine was not really a profession at all.
Dr.Berenson Joined HCFA in 1998.His biography found at the ECRI website indicates that from 1987 to 1997 he was a Vice President at the Lewin Group.Lewin is part of Ingenix which is owned by United Health Care Group.Ingenix changed its name to Optuminsight in early 2011.(See here for details.)He is a fellow at the Urban Institute and in 2010 he became vice of the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MEDPAC)
In a recent NEJM roundtable, Dr. Atul Gawande, summed it up with this reference to "a new culture in practicing medicine" in which physicians will "prioritize our responsibilities as shepherds of scare social resources to the same extent that we've historically prioritized our responsibilities for providing benefits to our specific patients" This, or course, is nothing new. The American Board of Internal Medicine Foundation (ABIMF) and the ACP has been promoting this notion of physicians as stewards of resources as part of the new Medical Professionalism which debuted in prime time in 2002 in a well funded campaign. ABIMF received some $ 13 million from the ABIM which apparently represented receipts well in excess of costs of the various testing programs ABIM administers to internists. Another $ 5 million was in the form of a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation,
The Choosing Wisely campaign is well funded and is in part funded ironically by thousands of internists who sent off their checks to take a certification exam likely unaware their payments to ABIM is used in part to support a political, philosophical campaign whose mission appears to be to usher in the medicine of the collective.
It gets ever worse.Consider the following comments of Dr. John Benson Jr,former CEO of ABIM and ABIMF: (my underlining)
" ABIM could require candidates to achieve a perfect score on questions related to costs and redundant care as a requirement for admission to secure exams for initial certification or MOC."
If a candidate does not learn the Choosing Wisely catechism or some other subjective view of what is and is not high value to the letter she would not even be "allowed" to take the certification exam.
You have to wonder how the typical patient would feel if he knew that his physician was devoted to the best interests of some statistical aggregate, perhaps those who found themselves in some or other ACA or HMO or being treated in some large hospital system.It is not clear to me how many physicians have adopted that perverse devotion but it is clear that the caravan of the medical progressives is expending much effort and money to that end and I am afraid while some dogs are barking objections the caravan will move on.
I still remember the elation and pride that I had when I learned I has passed the Internal Medicine examination ( I became board certified so long ago there was still a written and a oral exam). Now as I look at the efforts of the ACP and the ABIM to destroy the traditional medical ethics of devotion to the patient, pride is not the emotion I feel.
Friday, August 01, 2014
Is "low value [medical] care like Justice's Stewart's definition of pornography?
In a 1964 obscenity case, Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart admitted that he might not be able to specifically define the parameters of pornography but " I know it when I see it".
I wonder if a similar situation exists with the concept of low value medical care (LVC) which is a main talking point in a campaign spearheaded by the American Board of Medicine Foundation (ABIMF).
Surely this term is not just a floating abstraction. I thought I had simply missed the definition in reading about LVC. Off to Google to enter "definition of Low value care". Neither Google nor Bing lead me to a generally accepted definition of low value care or for that matter value in health care in general.
In fact the literature of health care value is bereft of a general consensus as described in this quote from Dr.Scott D. Ramsey writing in the Oncologist :
"one of the most enduring and controversial topics in medicine is the concept of what constituents value in health care"
The concepts of the business management guru, Michael E. Porter are widely quoted and for him value is defined as "health outcome per dollar spent" but he spends considerable effort in explicating how elusive and difficult that is to put into meaningful operational use.
Given that the term value lacks a clear definition and defined operational boundaries, how did the American Board of Internal Medicine Foundation (ABIMF) expect many medical professional organization to conjure up a list of low value procedures? That initiative was part of their "Choosing Wisely " Campaign. Yet a list were generated by some process or processes with some or other operational meaning of low value.I guest these medical thought leaders know it when they see it.
Professor Catherine MacClean of University of Pennsylvania gives this definition of low value health care, which seems to be close to if not on the mark and at least is more substantive:
"any care for which there exists an alternative form of care this is both equally effective and lower cost. In this regard no care or watchful waiting is eligible for the designation "alternative form" I wonder how many of the "Choosing Wisely" campaign's wise choices meet that definition.
I think that more than a few writers who talk about low value care may be using little more than Justice Stewart's ocular technique.
I wonder if a similar situation exists with the concept of low value medical care (LVC) which is a main talking point in a campaign spearheaded by the American Board of Medicine Foundation (ABIMF).
Surely this term is not just a floating abstraction. I thought I had simply missed the definition in reading about LVC. Off to Google to enter "definition of Low value care". Neither Google nor Bing lead me to a generally accepted definition of low value care or for that matter value in health care in general.
In fact the literature of health care value is bereft of a general consensus as described in this quote from Dr.Scott D. Ramsey writing in the Oncologist :
"one of the most enduring and controversial topics in medicine is the concept of what constituents value in health care"
The concepts of the business management guru, Michael E. Porter are widely quoted and for him value is defined as "health outcome per dollar spent" but he spends considerable effort in explicating how elusive and difficult that is to put into meaningful operational use.
Given that the term value lacks a clear definition and defined operational boundaries, how did the American Board of Internal Medicine Foundation (ABIMF) expect many medical professional organization to conjure up a list of low value procedures? That initiative was part of their "Choosing Wisely " Campaign. Yet a list were generated by some process or processes with some or other operational meaning of low value.I guest these medical thought leaders know it when they see it.
Professor Catherine MacClean of University of Pennsylvania gives this definition of low value health care, which seems to be close to if not on the mark and at least is more substantive:
"any care for which there exists an alternative form of care this is both equally effective and lower cost. In this regard no care or watchful waiting is eligible for the designation "alternative form" I wonder how many of the "Choosing Wisely" campaign's wise choices meet that definition.
I think that more than a few writers who talk about low value care may be using little more than Justice Stewart's ocular technique.
Wednesday, July 30, 2014
Population medicine approach meets Public Choice theory and practice
What happens with the population medicine approach (PMA) when one considers how thing really work according to the insights of public choice theory (PCT). Spoiler alert-you get much more cronyism,favoritism,and focused benefits and diffused costs with certain special interest groups profiting greatly.
Considering what went on with the writing of ACA what groups would be likely to profit from a governmental run PMA? Big Pharma,big health care insurance , big hospital system,big prescription drug management companies,and lots of consultants who will claim to be able to explain it all.
Recall some of the details of the profitable,magical revolving doors that were prominent in the creation and the subsequent development of The Affordable Care act.
Leading the list has to be Nancy DeParle.See here for Dr Roy Poses's comments on her travels in and out of business and in and out of prominent roles in government.
Senator Max Baucus's chief counsel,Liz Fowler, was singled out by the good senator for her important work in crafting the ACA. See here for my earlier comments about the ins and outs of her moving from health related business to Baucus' influential committee and back again.
More recently is the interesting matter of the new deputy administrator of CMS,Andrew Slavitt,who assumed that post fresh from his executive position at Optum/QSSI, a subsidiary of the country's largest medical insurer, United Health Group. Optum was hired by HHS to set up the internet hub for Obamacare.The ethics "rule" that a person leaving a private organization to a governmental agency cannot interact in an official capacity with that firm for one year was waived in the case of Slavitt . See here for details.
Should anyone be surprised that a deputy administrator of CMS would become chairman of ABIMF Board of trustees.
Glenn M. Hackbarth ,JD was a deputy administrator of Healthcare finance administration (the precursor organization to Center for Medicare Services and until recently was the chair of the board of trustees of the American Board of Internal Medicine Foundation (ABIMF).
Should anyone be surprised that Sam Ho, an executive Vice President of United Health Care, served on an Institute of Medicine Committee that was charged to devise recommendations to the administration regarding what elements should be included in the mandatory health insurance proposed under Obamacare?
Answer to both- of course not.
After all who should know better what coverages should be included in a program that forces everyone to buy health care insurance than the CEO of an insurance company who will make out like crazy when the bill is enacted?
After all why would one of the hierarchy of the largest third party payer ( ie Medicaid and Medicare) not wish to associate with a foundation that strives to conserve the nation's health resources?
No, these are not instances of strange bedfellows but rather folks synchronizing and harmonizing their mutual interests? All these folks are just dedicated to providing quality health care to everyone while wisely making choices that will preserve our finite medical resources.
Should anyone be surprised that a former vice president of a large medical insurer (WellPoint) was the key author of the Obamacare bill as it came out of Senator Baucus's committee? Of course not. who would be better qualified for that task than Elizabeth Fowler who was also chosen by the administration to oversee the administration of the statute after it was passed?
So what does all of this have to do with PMA and PCT? The history of the cahoots and cronyism of ACA provides the answer.
Considering what went on with the writing of ACA what groups would be likely to profit from a governmental run PMA? Big Pharma,big health care insurance , big hospital system,big prescription drug management companies,and lots of consultants who will claim to be able to explain it all.
Recall some of the details of the profitable,magical revolving doors that were prominent in the creation and the subsequent development of The Affordable Care act.
Leading the list has to be Nancy DeParle.See here for Dr Roy Poses's comments on her travels in and out of business and in and out of prominent roles in government.
Senator Max Baucus's chief counsel,Liz Fowler, was singled out by the good senator for her important work in crafting the ACA. See here for my earlier comments about the ins and outs of her moving from health related business to Baucus' influential committee and back again.
More recently is the interesting matter of the new deputy administrator of CMS,Andrew Slavitt,who assumed that post fresh from his executive position at Optum/QSSI, a subsidiary of the country's largest medical insurer, United Health Group. Optum was hired by HHS to set up the internet hub for Obamacare.The ethics "rule" that a person leaving a private organization to a governmental agency cannot interact in an official capacity with that firm for one year was waived in the case of Slavitt . See here for details.
Should anyone be surprised that a deputy administrator of CMS would become chairman of ABIMF Board of trustees.
Glenn M. Hackbarth ,JD was a deputy administrator of Healthcare finance administration (the precursor organization to Center for Medicare Services and until recently was the chair of the board of trustees of the American Board of Internal Medicine Foundation (ABIMF).
Should anyone be surprised that Sam Ho, an executive Vice President of United Health Care, served on an Institute of Medicine Committee that was charged to devise recommendations to the administration regarding what elements should be included in the mandatory health insurance proposed under Obamacare?
Answer to both- of course not.
After all who should know better what coverages should be included in a program that forces everyone to buy health care insurance than the CEO of an insurance company who will make out like crazy when the bill is enacted?
After all why would one of the hierarchy of the largest third party payer ( ie Medicaid and Medicare) not wish to associate with a foundation that strives to conserve the nation's health resources?
No, these are not instances of strange bedfellows but rather folks synchronizing and harmonizing their mutual interests? All these folks are just dedicated to providing quality health care to everyone while wisely making choices that will preserve our finite medical resources.
Should anyone be surprised that a former vice president of a large medical insurer (WellPoint) was the key author of the Obamacare bill as it came out of Senator Baucus's committee? Of course not. who would be better qualified for that task than Elizabeth Fowler who was also chosen by the administration to oversee the administration of the statute after it was passed?
So what does all of this have to do with PMA and PCT? The history of the cahoots and cronyism of ACA provides the answer.
Monday, July 28, 2014
Dr. Gruber-were you wrong then or are you wrong now?
The "were you wrong then.." question is a classic attorney question thrown at an expert witness who has been caught in a contradiction. It seems that would be an appropriate one for Dr. Jonathan Gruber, a MIT economist who is often cited as an architect of Obamacare.Actually he was the architect of the Massachusetts health care law on which Obamacare is said to have been crafted but apparently did play some role in giving advice re: ACA.
In remarks recorded and played repeatedly on the web Gruber make it clear that he believed that only states could issue the subsidies.His comments indicated that states who did not sign on to Obamacare would be doing a great disservice to the its poor citizens as that was, he said, the only way they could get subsidies.
When a Federal court rules that his view was correct he changed his view and claimed that of course the Federal Government could give the subsidies.
See here for an article from Reason which quotes his before and after comments (Before the Halbig decision).
As to how Gruber would answer the hypothetical lawyer question, he has said that he simply made a mistake when he made the earlier remark. You know sort of a "speak- o"similar to the "typo" in Obamacare legislative language which he claims must have occurred because everyone knew what they "really meant" and that the D.C. court used in its decision.The above quoted Reason article references a second time that Gruber made the same speak-o.
Speak-o s may have been the cause of his various pronouncements over time as to if Obamacare would increase or decrease health care costs.
Being a health care economist, like a public health czar or clinical guideline writer, means you don't not have to ever say you are sorry.
In remarks recorded and played repeatedly on the web Gruber make it clear that he believed that only states could issue the subsidies.His comments indicated that states who did not sign on to Obamacare would be doing a great disservice to the its poor citizens as that was, he said, the only way they could get subsidies.
When a Federal court rules that his view was correct he changed his view and claimed that of course the Federal Government could give the subsidies.
See here for an article from Reason which quotes his before and after comments (Before the Halbig decision).
As to how Gruber would answer the hypothetical lawyer question, he has said that he simply made a mistake when he made the earlier remark. You know sort of a "speak- o"similar to the "typo" in Obamacare legislative language which he claims must have occurred because everyone knew what they "really meant" and that the D.C. court used in its decision.The above quoted Reason article references a second time that Gruber made the same speak-o.
Speak-o s may have been the cause of his various pronouncements over time as to if Obamacare would increase or decrease health care costs.
Being a health care economist, like a public health czar or clinical guideline writer, means you don't not have to ever say you are sorry.
Monday, July 21, 2014
A physician does not need to be society's steward to "Choose wisely"regarding medical advice
Eliminating dangerous and unnecessary medical tests and treatments is the ostensible aim of the "Choosing Wisely" ( CW) initiative that is being promoted by the American Board of Internal Medicine Foundation (ABIMF).
I submit that is is not only unnecessary to evoke the principle of physicians as stewards of society's medical resources to accomplish that goal but it is a dangerous concept and promotes the idea that the individual exists to further the welfare of the collective or " society" Even the most cursory study of world history in the 20th century should disabuse one of the notion that such an approach works out well.
If a physician strives to do what is right for the patients,not to harm the patient and respects the patient's autonomy no other ethical principle is necessary to achieve what the choosing wisely campaign purports to accomplish. Following century's old medical ethics it all that is required. A physician so directed would not knowingly order tests or treatments that are harmful to the patient or useless and thereby waste the patient's money, whether or not all or most of the reimbursement is from an insurance company or the government.The physician by choosing wisely is not saving some mythical society's resources but is spending less of a particular entity's money.
It is not necessary to compare spending patterns per capita in various countries to cajole physicians to reduce or eliminate tests or treatments that are useless and or harmful. It is not necessary to change the culture of medicine which has been the announced aim of some spokesmen for ABIMS and ACP to get doctors to do what is right in their best judgment for their patients.
When my family or I go to a physician I want her to recommended a test or treatment based on her judgement as to whether that would be in the bests interest of her patient and not based on some imaginary role as a steward of some mythical collectively owned resource.
The folks at ABIMF have been very explicit about linking their version of social justice with the Choosing Wisely initiative.See here. I submit that physicians have attempted to do what in their judgment is right for their patients without evoking the notion of social justice and that includes not harming the patient by ordering harmful procedures and treatment.Social justice as the term is generally used involves redistribution from the better off to the most disadvantaged. ABIMF's version of social justice is based on utilitarianism keyed to QALY ( quality adjusted life years) per dollar spent and seems to be obsessed with spending less money generally on health care.Think about that for a moment. In what other profession is there a well funded campaign to spend less on what members of the profession have devoted much of their lives learning how to do? Cui Bono.
Being a physician is not the easiest job in the world.It continues to be true that life is short,the art long, opportunity fleeting, experience treacherous and judgment difficult. My physician has enough to do without assuming the pretense of being a steward of anything-her fiduciary duty to her patient is more than adequate.
Addendum: 12/12/14 Minor grammar changes made.
I submit that is is not only unnecessary to evoke the principle of physicians as stewards of society's medical resources to accomplish that goal but it is a dangerous concept and promotes the idea that the individual exists to further the welfare of the collective or " society" Even the most cursory study of world history in the 20th century should disabuse one of the notion that such an approach works out well.
If a physician strives to do what is right for the patients,not to harm the patient and respects the patient's autonomy no other ethical principle is necessary to achieve what the choosing wisely campaign purports to accomplish. Following century's old medical ethics it all that is required. A physician so directed would not knowingly order tests or treatments that are harmful to the patient or useless and thereby waste the patient's money, whether or not all or most of the reimbursement is from an insurance company or the government.The physician by choosing wisely is not saving some mythical society's resources but is spending less of a particular entity's money.
It is not necessary to compare spending patterns per capita in various countries to cajole physicians to reduce or eliminate tests or treatments that are useless and or harmful. It is not necessary to change the culture of medicine which has been the announced aim of some spokesmen for ABIMS and ACP to get doctors to do what is right in their best judgment for their patients.
When my family or I go to a physician I want her to recommended a test or treatment based on her judgement as to whether that would be in the bests interest of her patient and not based on some imaginary role as a steward of some mythical collectively owned resource.
The folks at ABIMF have been very explicit about linking their version of social justice with the Choosing Wisely initiative.See here. I submit that physicians have attempted to do what in their judgment is right for their patients without evoking the notion of social justice and that includes not harming the patient by ordering harmful procedures and treatment.Social justice as the term is generally used involves redistribution from the better off to the most disadvantaged. ABIMF's version of social justice is based on utilitarianism keyed to QALY ( quality adjusted life years) per dollar spent and seems to be obsessed with spending less money generally on health care.Think about that for a moment. In what other profession is there a well funded campaign to spend less on what members of the profession have devoted much of their lives learning how to do? Cui Bono.
Being a physician is not the easiest job in the world.It continues to be true that life is short,the art long, opportunity fleeting, experience treacherous and judgment difficult. My physician has enough to do without assuming the pretense of being a steward of anything-her fiduciary duty to her patient is more than adequate.
Addendum: 12/12/14 Minor grammar changes made.
Friday, July 18, 2014
The population medicine approach does not respect the separateness of the individual,traditional or Rawlsian social justice nor evidence based medicine
The population medicine approach does not respect the separateness and sanctity of the individual and individual liberty. It is antithetical to not only traditional medical ethics but also to the ethics of classic liberalism. Further, it violates a major element in the concept of evidence based medicine, patient autonomy. It is not compatible with the social justice concepts as formulated by John Rawls and does not conform with the generally accepted meaning of social justice as redistribution from the less to the more needy.
The population medicine approach is basically utilitarianism which champions policies and actions that are supposed to bring about the greatest good for the greatest number. I say "supposed" because even the founder of utilitarianism recognized that logically and practically determining the aggregate utility or happiness did not make sense.Jermey Betham realized that adding John's happiness and Mary's happiness and subtracting Fred sadness was nonsense.
Quoting Bentham "Tis vain to talk of adding quantities which after the addition will continue distinct as they were before, one man's happiness will never be another man's happiness;a gain to one man is no gain to another;you might as well pretend to add twenty apples to twenty pears, which after you had done that could not be forty of any one thing but twenty of each just as there was before. ( ref. pg 136, A system of Liberty, by George H. Smith.) . Bentham admitted his "hedonic calculus" was based on a fiction but he felt it was a necessary framework to get things done or legislation passed or policies accepted.
His approach echoes the thinking of the man who approached a psychiatrist and told him that he was very worried about his brother. Why are you worried? Doctor, he thinks he is a chicken. Well, that is very serious you need to get him hospitalized.No, the man replied, we can't do that, we need the eggs.
Bentham also needed the eggs.
Everyone make decisions in everyday lives.It may not involve a formal or explicit cost-benefit analysis but it often involves a trade off. Utilitarianism goes beyond making a trade-off within a person's life to the making of trade- offs between persons' lives and without their consent throwing the discreteness of individual under the bus. The population medicine approach does just that.
Consider the following quote from Dr. Harold Sox writing in the November 13,2013 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association:Here he is writing about allocation of funds occurring in the population medicine approach across patients and programs in which funds would be shifted to program in which the value was higher, as judged by QALY per dollar spent.
"It will take several generations to realize the full benefit of investments in disease prevention.In the short run,these investments draw resources away from tests and treatments from some sick people.In the long run, disease prevention and better low cost technology could reduce the outlay for treatment. In the interim, skillful clinical decision making can made the most of limited resources"
and
"Using the same metric of value and the same decision making principles for patients and for populations would be an important step toward a system that fairly allocates resources between the healthy many and the sick few."
The proponents of population medicine cavalierly admit there will be winners and losers. Dr. David Eddy in a series of articles In JAMA in 1995 said exactly that when he discussed the system that he proposed as achieving better quality at lower cost. It was simply utilitarianism with cost effectiveness being a key metric in the allocations that would be made.Population Medicine is simply utilitarianism using quality adjusted life years (QALY) per dollar spent as the new metric of happiness or utility.
Sir J.A. Muir Gray writing in the Lancet (Vol 382,July 20,2013 ) in a commentary entitled "The Art of Medicine.The shift to personalized and population medicine" said in part:
'In the 21th century clinicians have a responsibility to the population they serves,to the patients they never see, as well as to the patients who have consulted or have been referred.,individual clinicians, while still focused on the needs of the individual in front of them when in the consultation, also make decisions about the allocation and use of resources to maximize value for all the people the population they serve.This could be a decision that will reduce the amount of care that some would receive and increase the amount of resources for another group of patients,or perhaps put resources into education so that generalists can better manage the patient that specialists do not need to see."
Winners and losers but more than that- Dr. Muir Grey would have the physicians also use their "charismatic and sapiential authority to promote health and prevent disease and encourages sustainable care , getting the best balance of benefit to harm, while minimizing the amount of carbon generated."
This is a tall order- to balance care for your patient and everyone else and strive to save the environment.Medical schools will have to get even longer and harder to churn out docs with that skill set.Actually the rank and file docs will not have the allocation problem,the Platonic Guardians of Population Medicine will make the big decisions and the regular physicians will just adhere to guidelines.
The proponents of population medicine seem to think they have solved what Bentham thought impossible summing individual utilities by using the QALY tool, quality adjusted life years which seem more scientific and objective that the "utils" of the early Benthamites.
The ACP and ABIM Foundation are popularizing the new medical ethics. It appears that this new medical ethical system is an important prerequisite for population medicine Here is how a former President of ACP, Dr. Harold Sox, ( ref. JAMA Nov.13.2013,vol310,no 8) explains it.
"Throughout history,codes of professional conduct have called on clinicians to make each patient's interests their highest priority.If resources becomes limited,clinicians will find themselves unable to adhere to that standard of practice for all patients.In 2002,a new code of conduct ,the Charter for Professionalism ,addressed this conflict by calling of physicians to consider the needs of all when treating the individual. While meeting the needs of individual patients,physicians are required to provided health care that is based on wise and cost-effective management of limited clinical resources.The provision of unnecessary services not only exposes patient to avoidable harm and expense but also diminishes the the resources available to others.
This remarkable passage indicates that the physician has an ethical imperative to balance the needs of the individual patient with the needs of society.With this foundational principle of the population health approach, the Charter, in effect calls on clinicians to allocate resources. However, it does not provide specific advice. Recent programs such as the American Board of Internal Medicine Foundation's Choosing Wisely campaign, are beginning to fill this knowledge gap, as do some practice guidelines."
Dr. Sox speaks about "if resources become limited". By definition resources are limited. there has never been a limitless amount of medical care available.Apparently fiduciary duty to the patient was acceptable as long as resources were not limited but by definition resources are limited.There has never been an unlimited amount of medical resources.
In this passage Dr. Sox ties together the Charter, the Choosing Wisely Campaign and the population medicine approach. Although Dr. Sox omitted mention, the Charter inserted a third ethical principle to the physician's ethical responsibility.It added to beneficence and non malfeasance, the furtherance of social justice which they stipulated was the fair and equitable allocation of medical resources which they later clarified to mean that physicians should follow medical guidelines based on cost effectiveness. But social justice as expounded by Rawls and as generally understood by many speople means redistribution to the advantage of the most disadvantaged and that is not what population medicine offers. Shifting of resources to one group from another based on comparative QALY calculations may or may not necessary benefit the most disadvantaged in society. The choosing wisely campaign began with a suggestion to which few physicians would object: eliminate tests and treatments that are harmful or wasteful. But it was not necessary to invent a new ethical principle for physicians to accomplish that goal. The ethical precepts of beneficence and non malfeasance covered that.One need not resort to claiming that such act were required because physicians were the stewards of society's limited medical resource. It was sufficient to require that under the rubric acting a fiduciary agent of the patient.Further, the Choosing Wisely movement is morphing into something that some (see here) would want to be much more transformative.
Population Medicine approach is not compatible with the basic elements of evidence based medicine.Dr. David Sackett said:"Evidence based medicine is not “cookbook” medicine. Because it requires a bottom up approach that integrates the best external evidence with individual clinical expertise and patients' choice, it cannot result in slavish, cookbook approaches to individual patient care."
In the scenario described above by Dr. Sox in which funds might be diverted from someone's treatment to benefit some anonymous future person we hear no mention of consent of the patient. Is it assumed that everyone will selflessly agree to sacrifice for the good of the collective.?Social and political schemes based on that principle worked out rather poorly in the 20th century.
To mix the concept of social justice and population medicine as done by spokesmen for the ACP and ABIMF is a masterful muddle of mixing incompatible concepts and stirring it up with platitudes,gratuitous assertions and non sequiturs.
So, other than that the population medicine approach contradicts traditional medical ethics,does not further social justice as it is commonly understood, flouts a key element of evidence based medicine,and requires individuals to sacrifice themselves to some alleged greater good, it seems like a pretty good idea.
Addendum: Minor editorial changes made 12/14/14.
The population medicine approach is basically utilitarianism which champions policies and actions that are supposed to bring about the greatest good for the greatest number. I say "supposed" because even the founder of utilitarianism recognized that logically and practically determining the aggregate utility or happiness did not make sense.Jermey Betham realized that adding John's happiness and Mary's happiness and subtracting Fred sadness was nonsense.
Quoting Bentham "Tis vain to talk of adding quantities which after the addition will continue distinct as they were before, one man's happiness will never be another man's happiness;a gain to one man is no gain to another;you might as well pretend to add twenty apples to twenty pears, which after you had done that could not be forty of any one thing but twenty of each just as there was before. ( ref. pg 136, A system of Liberty, by George H. Smith.) . Bentham admitted his "hedonic calculus" was based on a fiction but he felt it was a necessary framework to get things done or legislation passed or policies accepted.
His approach echoes the thinking of the man who approached a psychiatrist and told him that he was very worried about his brother. Why are you worried? Doctor, he thinks he is a chicken. Well, that is very serious you need to get him hospitalized.No, the man replied, we can't do that, we need the eggs.
Bentham also needed the eggs.
Everyone make decisions in everyday lives.It may not involve a formal or explicit cost-benefit analysis but it often involves a trade off. Utilitarianism goes beyond making a trade-off within a person's life to the making of trade- offs between persons' lives and without their consent throwing the discreteness of individual under the bus. The population medicine approach does just that.
Consider the following quote from Dr. Harold Sox writing in the November 13,2013 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association:Here he is writing about allocation of funds occurring in the population medicine approach across patients and programs in which funds would be shifted to program in which the value was higher, as judged by QALY per dollar spent.
"It will take several generations to realize the full benefit of investments in disease prevention.In the short run,these investments draw resources away from tests and treatments from some sick people.In the long run, disease prevention and better low cost technology could reduce the outlay for treatment. In the interim, skillful clinical decision making can made the most of limited resources"
and
"Using the same metric of value and the same decision making principles for patients and for populations would be an important step toward a system that fairly allocates resources between the healthy many and the sick few."
The proponents of population medicine cavalierly admit there will be winners and losers. Dr. David Eddy in a series of articles In JAMA in 1995 said exactly that when he discussed the system that he proposed as achieving better quality at lower cost. It was simply utilitarianism with cost effectiveness being a key metric in the allocations that would be made.Population Medicine is simply utilitarianism using quality adjusted life years (QALY) per dollar spent as the new metric of happiness or utility.
Sir J.A. Muir Gray writing in the Lancet (Vol 382,July 20,2013 ) in a commentary entitled "The Art of Medicine.The shift to personalized and population medicine" said in part:
'In the 21th century clinicians have a responsibility to the population they serves,to the patients they never see, as well as to the patients who have consulted or have been referred.,individual clinicians, while still focused on the needs of the individual in front of them when in the consultation, also make decisions about the allocation and use of resources to maximize value for all the people the population they serve.This could be a decision that will reduce the amount of care that some would receive and increase the amount of resources for another group of patients,or perhaps put resources into education so that generalists can better manage the patient that specialists do not need to see."
Winners and losers but more than that- Dr. Muir Grey would have the physicians also use their "charismatic and sapiential authority to promote health and prevent disease and encourages sustainable care , getting the best balance of benefit to harm, while minimizing the amount of carbon generated."
This is a tall order- to balance care for your patient and everyone else and strive to save the environment.Medical schools will have to get even longer and harder to churn out docs with that skill set.Actually the rank and file docs will not have the allocation problem,the Platonic Guardians of Population Medicine will make the big decisions and the regular physicians will just adhere to guidelines.
The proponents of population medicine seem to think they have solved what Bentham thought impossible summing individual utilities by using the QALY tool, quality adjusted life years which seem more scientific and objective that the "utils" of the early Benthamites.
The ACP and ABIM Foundation are popularizing the new medical ethics. It appears that this new medical ethical system is an important prerequisite for population medicine Here is how a former President of ACP, Dr. Harold Sox, ( ref. JAMA Nov.13.2013,vol310,no 8) explains it.
"Throughout history,codes of professional conduct have called on clinicians to make each patient's interests their highest priority.If resources becomes limited,clinicians will find themselves unable to adhere to that standard of practice for all patients.In 2002,a new code of conduct ,the Charter for Professionalism ,addressed this conflict by calling of physicians to consider the needs of all when treating the individual. While meeting the needs of individual patients,physicians are required to provided health care that is based on wise and cost-effective management of limited clinical resources.The provision of unnecessary services not only exposes patient to avoidable harm and expense but also diminishes the the resources available to others.
This remarkable passage indicates that the physician has an ethical imperative to balance the needs of the individual patient with the needs of society.With this foundational principle of the population health approach, the Charter, in effect calls on clinicians to allocate resources. However, it does not provide specific advice. Recent programs such as the American Board of Internal Medicine Foundation's Choosing Wisely campaign, are beginning to fill this knowledge gap, as do some practice guidelines."
Dr. Sox speaks about "if resources become limited". By definition resources are limited. there has never been a limitless amount of medical care available.Apparently fiduciary duty to the patient was acceptable as long as resources were not limited but by definition resources are limited.There has never been an unlimited amount of medical resources.
In this passage Dr. Sox ties together the Charter, the Choosing Wisely Campaign and the population medicine approach. Although Dr. Sox omitted mention, the Charter inserted a third ethical principle to the physician's ethical responsibility.It added to beneficence and non malfeasance, the furtherance of social justice which they stipulated was the fair and equitable allocation of medical resources which they later clarified to mean that physicians should follow medical guidelines based on cost effectiveness. But social justice as expounded by Rawls and as generally understood by many speople means redistribution to the advantage of the most disadvantaged and that is not what population medicine offers. Shifting of resources to one group from another based on comparative QALY calculations may or may not necessary benefit the most disadvantaged in society. The choosing wisely campaign began with a suggestion to which few physicians would object: eliminate tests and treatments that are harmful or wasteful. But it was not necessary to invent a new ethical principle for physicians to accomplish that goal. The ethical precepts of beneficence and non malfeasance covered that.One need not resort to claiming that such act were required because physicians were the stewards of society's limited medical resource. It was sufficient to require that under the rubric acting a fiduciary agent of the patient.Further, the Choosing Wisely movement is morphing into something that some (see here) would want to be much more transformative.
Population Medicine approach is not compatible with the basic elements of evidence based medicine.Dr. David Sackett said:"Evidence based medicine is not “cookbook” medicine. Because it requires a bottom up approach that integrates the best external evidence with individual clinical expertise and patients' choice, it cannot result in slavish, cookbook approaches to individual patient care."
In the scenario described above by Dr. Sox in which funds might be diverted from someone's treatment to benefit some anonymous future person we hear no mention of consent of the patient. Is it assumed that everyone will selflessly agree to sacrifice for the good of the collective.?Social and political schemes based on that principle worked out rather poorly in the 20th century.
The
goal of EBP is the integration of: (a) clinical expertise/expert
opinion, (b) external scientific evidence, and (c)
client/patient/caregiver perspectives to provide high-quality services
reflecting the interests, values, needs, and choices of the individuals
we serv - See more at:
http://www.asha.org/members/ebp/#sthash.4MOV9yTv.dpuf
The
goal of EBP is the integration of: (a) clinical expertise/expert
opinion, (b) external scientific evidence, and (c)
client/patient/caregiver perspectives to provide high-quality services
reflecting the interests, values, needs, and choices of the individuals
we serv - See more at:
http://www.asha.org/members/ebp/#sthash.4MOV9yTv.dpuHere is Dr. David Sacket's definition of Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) :"EBP
is the integration of clinical expertise, patient values, and the best
research evidence into the decision making process for patient care.
Clinical expertise refers to the clinician’s cumulated experience,
education and clinical skills. The patient brings to the encounter his
or her own personal preferences and unique concerns, expectations, and
values. The best research evidence is usually found in clinically
relevant research that has been conducted using sound methodology".
(Sackett D, 2002)What
seems lacking in Dr. Sox commentary about population medicine is
mention of the patient personal preferences and concerns and values.
There is nothing said about how the patient might feel in the scenario
Sox describes in which funds that could have been used to treat some
one's illness are diverted to some preventive program in which the
result may take generations to be achieved. In a system in which its
proponents admit there will be winners and looses we are not told to
what extent if any will the values and wishes of the loser be considered
.Drs Eddy and Muir Grey seem to assume that patients will be just fine
when funds are directed away from their or their children's or spouses
care to some other use judged to be more valuable or cost effective.
Programs which depend on changing human nature have not worked out well.Look at the dismal history of collective planning in the 20th century.
The
goal of EBP is the integration of: (a) clinical expertise/expert
opinion, (b) external scientific evidence, and (c)
client/patient/caregiver perspectives to provide high-quality services
reflecting the interests, values, needs, and choices of the individuals
we serv - See more at:
http://www.asha.org/members/ebp/#sthash.4MOV9yTv.dpuf
I
submit that population medicine approach and the usual notion of social
justice and in particular John Rawls's definition of social justice are
not compatible. In fact much of Rawl's magum opus ,A Theory of
Justice,was written at least in part to refute utilitarianism which
is a principle on which population medicine depends. Rawls said the
utilitarianism did not respect the separateness of the individual and
argues strongly against treating people as means some social end,In
the case of population medicine , this would be optimizing the QALY or QALY per dollar spent. To mix the concept of social justice and population medicine as done by spokesmen for the ACP and ABIMF is a masterful muddle of mixing incompatible concepts and stirring it up with platitudes,gratuitous assertions and non sequiturs.
So, other than that the population medicine approach contradicts traditional medical ethics,does not further social justice as it is commonly understood, flouts a key element of evidence based medicine,and requires individuals to sacrifice themselves to some alleged greater good, it seems like a pretty good idea.
Addendum: Minor editorial changes made 12/14/14.
Friday, June 13, 2014
Does the concept of "value based payments" make any sense at all?
Greg Scandlen at the Health Policy Blog comments on the term "value based" quoting from a worth- reading article by David Carr writing on the site Information Week. Here is link to Scandlen 's thoughts.
Scandlen deftly takes apart a widely quoted article by Michael Porter that appeared in the NEJM in 2010 .
The concepts of professor Porter are widely quoted and for him value is defined as "health outcome per dollar spent" but he spends considerable effort in explicating how elusive and difficult that is to put into meaningful operational use.
A number of the concepts that Porter has made popular ,after a little thought, seem more to be catchy platitudes than useful,reality based insights.For example the notion of improving performance and accountability by "having a shared goal that unites the interests and activities of all stakeholder.s"Is there any real sense in which the patient has a shared goal with the third party payer?
quoting Scandlen:
" ..I would argue that the whole idea that “value to the patient” can be defined objectively is misguided. Even with precisely the same cost and the same medical outcome, the “value” of a service will be different for every patient. Dick Cheney seems to be very happy with his heart transplant and thrilled to extend his life by several more years. Someone else might think that the ordeal of the surgery and medical attention isn’t worth it. Or they might think that their life is pretty crappy and not worth extending."
In other words, value is subjective and in the eyes of the beholder which should be the patient and not the cost effectiveness practitioners who can "determine" the value with numbers and regressions, even though at the end of the analysis someone has to make a value judgment call.
I have ranted about this near naked emperor before. See here.
The " value based payments" meme seems more and more to be just another phony-baloney justification for third party payers to limit expenditures for medical care and dress it up with platitudes.
Scandlen deftly takes apart a widely quoted article by Michael Porter that appeared in the NEJM in 2010 .
The concepts of professor Porter are widely quoted and for him value is defined as "health outcome per dollar spent" but he spends considerable effort in explicating how elusive and difficult that is to put into meaningful operational use.
A number of the concepts that Porter has made popular ,after a little thought, seem more to be catchy platitudes than useful,reality based insights.For example the notion of improving performance and accountability by "having a shared goal that unites the interests and activities of all stakeholder.s"Is there any real sense in which the patient has a shared goal with the third party payer?
quoting Scandlen:
" ..I would argue that the whole idea that “value to the patient” can be defined objectively is misguided. Even with precisely the same cost and the same medical outcome, the “value” of a service will be different for every patient. Dick Cheney seems to be very happy with his heart transplant and thrilled to extend his life by several more years. Someone else might think that the ordeal of the surgery and medical attention isn’t worth it. Or they might think that their life is pretty crappy and not worth extending."
In other words, value is subjective and in the eyes of the beholder which should be the patient and not the cost effectiveness practitioners who can "determine" the value with numbers and regressions, even though at the end of the analysis someone has to make a value judgment call.
I have ranted about this near naked emperor before. See here.
The " value based payments" meme seems more and more to be just another phony-baloney justification for third party payers to limit expenditures for medical care and dress it up with platitudes.
Friday, June 06, 2014
Is the underlying problem with the VA hospitals scandals greed?
Perhaps self-interest in a better word to describe what is going here.
There is a wide spread and naive notion that for-profit institutions, aka business, are driven by greed and that dishonesty and bad motives dominate their existence and that non-profit organizations are the opposite in every regard; But folks who populate non-profit organizations are cut from the same cloth as the rest of humanity and for them as for everyone incentives matter.
This commentary by Glen Reynolds gets it right.
I quote from his comments from USA Today:
"In other words, they cooked the books. And what's more, they did it to ensure bigger "performance bonuses." The performance may have been fake, but the bonuses were real. (One whistle-blower compared the operation to a "crime syndicate.")
And that captures an important point. People sometimes think that government or "nonprofit" operations will be run more honestly than for-profit businesses because the businesses operate on the basis of "greed." But, in fact, greed is a human characteristic that is present in any organization made up of humans. It's all about incentives." ....And, ironically, a for-profit medical system might actually offer employees less room for greed than a government system. That's because VA patients were stuck with the VA. If wait times were long, they just had to wait, or do without care. In a free-market system, a provider whose wait times were too long would lose business, and even if the employees faked up the wait-time numbers, that loss of business would show up on the bottom line. That would lead top managers to act, or lose their jobs."
If you look at the history of the VA system you will see greed and corruption boiling over the top at the very beginning..The historian Burt Folsom gives a brief review of the origin of the VA system and the corruption and mismanagement that characterized its early days under the administration of President Warren Harding.
The point is that people act in their self interest ( when their actions rub up against our moral priors we call it greed) and that markets impose the discipline of profit and loss that are lacking in monopolies such as the socialized medicine of the VA system and often -but not always- direct that greed to the benefit of others.
As Milton Friedman said the question is: under what system will
greed lead to the least harm,his answer was capitalism.Here is his priceless reply to Phil Donahue .
There is a wide spread and naive notion that for-profit institutions, aka business, are driven by greed and that dishonesty and bad motives dominate their existence and that non-profit organizations are the opposite in every regard; But folks who populate non-profit organizations are cut from the same cloth as the rest of humanity and for them as for everyone incentives matter.
This commentary by Glen Reynolds gets it right.
I quote from his comments from USA Today:
"In other words, they cooked the books. And what's more, they did it to ensure bigger "performance bonuses." The performance may have been fake, but the bonuses were real. (One whistle-blower compared the operation to a "crime syndicate.")
And that captures an important point. People sometimes think that government or "nonprofit" operations will be run more honestly than for-profit businesses because the businesses operate on the basis of "greed." But, in fact, greed is a human characteristic that is present in any organization made up of humans. It's all about incentives." ....And, ironically, a for-profit medical system might actually offer employees less room for greed than a government system. That's because VA patients were stuck with the VA. If wait times were long, they just had to wait, or do without care. In a free-market system, a provider whose wait times were too long would lose business, and even if the employees faked up the wait-time numbers, that loss of business would show up on the bottom line. That would lead top managers to act, or lose their jobs."
If you look at the history of the VA system you will see greed and corruption boiling over the top at the very beginning..The historian Burt Folsom gives a brief review of the origin of the VA system and the corruption and mismanagement that characterized its early days under the administration of President Warren Harding.
The point is that people act in their self interest ( when their actions rub up against our moral priors we call it greed) and that markets impose the discipline of profit and loss that are lacking in monopolies such as the socialized medicine of the VA system and often -but not always- direct that greed to the benefit of others.
As Milton Friedman said the question is: under what system will
greed lead to the least harm,his answer was capitalism.Here is his priceless reply to Phil Donahue .
Saturday, May 31, 2014
Wanted: Men of System to manage the Population Medicine Approach and maximize society's health
Let's begin with explaining Men of System and Population Medicine Approach (PMA)
Adam Smith , in his first book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments spoke of the "man of system"
"The man of system, on the contrary, is apt to be very wise in his own conceit; and is often so enamoured with the supposed beauty of his own ideal plan of government, that he cannot suffer the smallest deviation from any part of it. He goes on to establish it completely and in all its parts, without any regard either to the great interests, or to the strong prejudices which may oppose it. He seems to imagine that he can arrange the different members of a great society with as much ease as the hand arranges the different pieces upon a chess-board. He does not consider that the pieces upon the chess-board have no other principle of motion besides that which the hand impresses upon them; but that, in the great chess-board of human society, every single piece has a principle of motion of its own, altogether different from that which the legislature might chuse [sic] to impress upon it. "
Dr. Harold C. Sox, , former President of the American College of Physicians (ACP) and former editor of the Journal of that organization, The Annals of Internal Medicine explains and seemingly recommends the PMA in a commentary in JAMA (November 33,2013) entitled 'Resolving the Tension Between Population Health and Individual Health Care ".
In this formulation it is claimed that one treats the population much as a physician would treat an individual patient.One uses the same "value metric" and the same few decision making principles. For example one would screen a given patient only if that would maximize that person's welfare and similarly in considering applying a screening procedure to a group would involve screening only those who would gain QALYs. Cox admits we don't really have all that information yet but "the challenge would be to develop models of the principal high stakes decisions of clinical medicine, perhaps starting by identifying these decisions and developing the evidence to inform them"We would need to determine the frequency,causes and consequences of the common medical conditions in a population and devise strategies for dealing with them over the life span. The public health system and the health care system and community leaders need to plan together.
Then resources could be allocated between disease-specific programs so that they would be moved from groups of patients less likely to benefit to groups more likely to benefit.
Sox then seems to admit there may be some growing pains with this approach but in the long run there will be benefit,. That is my paraphrasing now a quote :
"It will take several generations to realize the full benefit of investments in disease prevention. In the short run, these investments may draw resources away from tests and treatment for some sick people. In the long run,disease prevention and better low cost technology could reduce the outlay for treatment. In the interim, skillful clinical decision making can make the most of limited resources.
To make the population medicine approach operational it would be necessary for physicians to consider themselves practitioners of population medicine and support a system that "fairly allocates resources between the healthy many and sick few:" The Charter for Professionalism paves the way for that by admonishing physicians that they are the stewards of medical resources and that cost effectiveness is the new polar star.As long as physicians considered themselves to be fiduciary agents of their individual patients the scheme would not work. The publication of "Medical Professionalism in the New Millennium:A Physician charter" in 2002 was an important step in the movement to further the dogma of medical collectivism..
To achieve this medical utopia the Men of System of whom Adam Smith wrote will be required ; some one will be needed to move the different members of society around the chess board of utilitarian health care with its fair and cost effective allocation of health care resources. And while only a few physicians can be the Platonic Guardians ,some of whom will likely expend their energies on IPAB, the rank and file docs can work for the common good by adhering to guidelines.
addendum: Minor grammar and spelling corrections made 7/31/14
addendum: typo regarding date of publication of "Medical Professionalism.." 3/23/17
Thursday, May 29, 2014
Swedish study provides More data but not much definitive useful information regarding levels of exercise and atrial fibrillation risk
A recent article in BMJ has stirred more comments regards the possibility that there is a "j shaped" curve in regard to the relationship between level of exercise and development of atrial fibrillation (AF).
There have been number of publications addressing this issue and to my eye there is good evidence that there is an increased incidence of AF in long time endurance athletes. The magnitude of this increased risk and what this correlates with is less clear-duration of exercise,intensity, height?, genetic profile, confounding factors, etc etc.
The BMJ article is from Sweden by Nikola Drca and is a long term followup of over 44000 men who completed exercise questionnaires and provided in part retrospective estimates of hours per week exercised at ages 15,30, and 50.These questionnaires were then linked with data indicating whether they had developed AF.The AF numbers are relatively hard data the historical data much less so.
Of those men who said they exercised more than 5 hours per week at age 30 there was a relative risk (RR) of 1.19 (CI 1.05-1.36) this increased risk in the greater than 5 hour per week exercise category was only found for age 30, not at age 15 nor age 50 and the RR was higher for the high exercise at age 30 group who then stopped exercising (RR 1.49).
Several points come to mind
When the number in the study group is very large, very small differences in the measured outcomes become statistically significant. Relative risks less than 2-3 are generally not considered very convincing evidence that there may be causation.My favorite quote in this regard is from Michale Thur , epidemiologist at the American Cancer Society:,
With epidemiology you can tell a little thing from a big thing.What's very hard to do is to tell a little thing from nothing at all.
and a RR of 1.19 is pretty little
In trying to assess significance of RRs from observational epidemiology studies. it is sometimes useful to consider what is the prior evidence and look at biological plausibility (which old time internists like to think of sometimes as pathophysiology or disease mechanisms.)
There are a number of studies that suggest long term endurance athletes have a increased risk of AF but that is not what the data here suggest at all.The 30 year old heavy exercisers had increased risk while the 50 year old exercisers did not and there was even greater risk in those 30 year old heavy exercisers who quit. That does not seem like a dose response relationship, i.e more exercise more AF.
What would be the pathophysiology evoked to explain heavy exercise at 30 but not at 50 being related to increased risk of AF.
So what would be the take home advice? Don't begin heavy exercise until age 50 ? But if you are 30 and exercising a lot , don't quit.. None of that makes sense if we believe the is a j shaped curve regarding duration of exercise and risk of AF or if there is a positive relationship between duration of exercise and AF.I n spite of headlines emphasizing the 30 year old heavy exercisers risk I think overall the study is more reassuring to long time endurance athletes than it is concerning.The RR for the 30 year old group could easily be just statistical noise and the lack of increased risk for the others a more reliable finding.
For a more detailed and less biased discussion of this general topic I suggest the excellent blog written by Dr. Larry Creswell.
Disclosure of conflict of interest: I have been doing long distance running for almost 40 years .(Fortunately I did not begin distance running until after age 30,so there should be no problem). So, my mind set is to be critical of studies that purport to show a problem with too much running.
There have been number of publications addressing this issue and to my eye there is good evidence that there is an increased incidence of AF in long time endurance athletes. The magnitude of this increased risk and what this correlates with is less clear-duration of exercise,intensity, height?, genetic profile, confounding factors, etc etc.
The BMJ article is from Sweden by Nikola Drca and is a long term followup of over 44000 men who completed exercise questionnaires and provided in part retrospective estimates of hours per week exercised at ages 15,30, and 50.These questionnaires were then linked with data indicating whether they had developed AF.The AF numbers are relatively hard data the historical data much less so.
Of those men who said they exercised more than 5 hours per week at age 30 there was a relative risk (RR) of 1.19 (CI 1.05-1.36) this increased risk in the greater than 5 hour per week exercise category was only found for age 30, not at age 15 nor age 50 and the RR was higher for the high exercise at age 30 group who then stopped exercising (RR 1.49).
Several points come to mind
When the number in the study group is very large, very small differences in the measured outcomes become statistically significant. Relative risks less than 2-3 are generally not considered very convincing evidence that there may be causation.My favorite quote in this regard is from Michale Thur , epidemiologist at the American Cancer Society:,
With epidemiology you can tell a little thing from a big thing.What's very hard to do is to tell a little thing from nothing at all.
and a RR of 1.19 is pretty little
In trying to assess significance of RRs from observational epidemiology studies. it is sometimes useful to consider what is the prior evidence and look at biological plausibility (which old time internists like to think of sometimes as pathophysiology or disease mechanisms.)
There are a number of studies that suggest long term endurance athletes have a increased risk of AF but that is not what the data here suggest at all.The 30 year old heavy exercisers had increased risk while the 50 year old exercisers did not and there was even greater risk in those 30 year old heavy exercisers who quit. That does not seem like a dose response relationship, i.e more exercise more AF.
What would be the pathophysiology evoked to explain heavy exercise at 30 but not at 50 being related to increased risk of AF.
So what would be the take home advice? Don't begin heavy exercise until age 50 ? But if you are 30 and exercising a lot , don't quit.. None of that makes sense if we believe the is a j shaped curve regarding duration of exercise and risk of AF or if there is a positive relationship between duration of exercise and AF.I n spite of headlines emphasizing the 30 year old heavy exercisers risk I think overall the study is more reassuring to long time endurance athletes than it is concerning.The RR for the 30 year old group could easily be just statistical noise and the lack of increased risk for the others a more reliable finding.
For a more detailed and less biased discussion of this general topic I suggest the excellent blog written by Dr. Larry Creswell.
Disclosure of conflict of interest: I have been doing long distance running for almost 40 years .(Fortunately I did not begin distance running until after age 30,so there should be no problem). So, my mind set is to be critical of studies that purport to show a problem with too much running.
Thursday, May 15, 2014
Former president of American College of Physicians explains the population medicine approach and we should be afraid,very afraid
Dr. Harold C. Sox has played a leadership role in the American College of Physicians for many years, serving as President of the ACP and long time editor of the Annals of Internal Medicine.
In the opening paragraph of a commentary in JAMA entitled "Resolving the Tension between Population health can individual health care" (JAMA November 13, 2013,Volume 310, number 18) he states:
"Perhaps the de facto organizing principle of US health care approaching each patient strictly as in individual is obsolete.The population heath approach is an alternative. It aims to improve and maintain health across a defined population."
Later repeating a major theme of the publication,"Medical Professionalism in the new millennium,a physician charter" , Dr Sox says:
"..the physician has an ethical imperative to balance the needs of the individual patient with the needs of society."
Dr. Sox then explains in broad terms how to practice population medicine.
"Planning to optimize population health will mean determining the frequency,causes and consequences of he common medical conditions in a population and devising strategies for dealing with them over a lifetime. "...
resources must be allocated across program to prevent,detect and treat disease and its risk factors. "...One reasonable principle to move resources from groups of patients less likely to benefit to groups more likely to benefit."
With the application of this utilitarian calculus there will be winners and losers which Sox seems to admit implicitly the following paragraph.
"It will take several generations to realize the benefit of investments in disease prevention.In the short run, these investments may draw resources away from the tests and treatment of some sick people.In the long run, diseased prevention and better low-cost technology could reduce the outlay for treatment."
So, in the short run the population medicine approach might deprive some sick patients of treatments but in the long run "the outlay for treatment " could be reduced. Withholding treatment for those who are sick now for some purported,future , hypothetical benefit to anonymous people is completely antithetical to basic medical ethics and has no place in a nation with any remnant of individual freedom remaining.
Dr. Sox after already seemingly condoning sacrifice of the individual's welfare to some nebulous greater social good then closes the commentary with the following platitude which seems to contradict his earlier statements;
"Much of medical practice has changed but not the basis of patient -centered care."
The term "patient centered care" is a trendy, feel-good cliche without well defined operational meaning but I cannot believe that any generally accepted understanding of that phrase could possibly include not treating the sick to gain some allegedly future benefit to some some subset of well people.
As someone who did his medical training in the same time frame as Dr. Sox in which the notion of the physician as the fiduciary of the patient was sacrosanct I find his comments wrong on so many levels that I cannot find the words to express it but to the extent that views such as those expressed in his commentary are more widely accepted there is reason to be afraid,very afraid.
Dr Michel Accad critiqued this creed of medical collectivism in his blog writing in part:
"...beyond ignoring the obvious tension between the individual and the group, hoodwinking physicians into practicing "population medicine" is of course the essential means to confuse practitioners into thoughtlessly carrying out sweeping interventions whose primary benefit is the profit of third parties."
addendum: Several spelling errors and typos corrected on 8/6/2014
In the opening paragraph of a commentary in JAMA entitled "Resolving the Tension between Population health can individual health care" (JAMA November 13, 2013,Volume 310, number 18) he states:
"Perhaps the de facto organizing principle of US health care approaching each patient strictly as in individual is obsolete.The population heath approach is an alternative. It aims to improve and maintain health across a defined population."
Later repeating a major theme of the publication,"Medical Professionalism in the new millennium,a physician charter" , Dr Sox says:
"..the physician has an ethical imperative to balance the needs of the individual patient with the needs of society."
Dr. Sox then explains in broad terms how to practice population medicine.
"Planning to optimize population health will mean determining the frequency,causes and consequences of he common medical conditions in a population and devising strategies for dealing with them over a lifetime. "...
resources must be allocated across program to prevent,detect and treat disease and its risk factors. "...One reasonable principle to move resources from groups of patients less likely to benefit to groups more likely to benefit."
With the application of this utilitarian calculus there will be winners and losers which Sox seems to admit implicitly the following paragraph.
"It will take several generations to realize the benefit of investments in disease prevention.In the short run, these investments may draw resources away from the tests and treatment of some sick people.In the long run, diseased prevention and better low-cost technology could reduce the outlay for treatment."
So, in the short run the population medicine approach might deprive some sick patients of treatments but in the long run "the outlay for treatment " could be reduced. Withholding treatment for those who are sick now for some purported,future , hypothetical benefit to anonymous people is completely antithetical to basic medical ethics and has no place in a nation with any remnant of individual freedom remaining.
Dr. Sox after already seemingly condoning sacrifice of the individual's welfare to some nebulous greater social good then closes the commentary with the following platitude which seems to contradict his earlier statements;
"Much of medical practice has changed but not the basis of patient -centered care."
The term "patient centered care" is a trendy, feel-good cliche without well defined operational meaning but I cannot believe that any generally accepted understanding of that phrase could possibly include not treating the sick to gain some allegedly future benefit to some some subset of well people.
As someone who did his medical training in the same time frame as Dr. Sox in which the notion of the physician as the fiduciary of the patient was sacrosanct I find his comments wrong on so many levels that I cannot find the words to express it but to the extent that views such as those expressed in his commentary are more widely accepted there is reason to be afraid,very afraid.
Dr Michel Accad critiqued this creed of medical collectivism in his blog writing in part:
"...beyond ignoring the obvious tension between the individual and the group, hoodwinking physicians into practicing "population medicine" is of course the essential means to confuse practitioners into thoughtlessly carrying out sweeping interventions whose primary benefit is the profit of third parties."
addendum: Several spelling errors and typos corrected on 8/6/2014
Monday, May 12, 2014
Is the bait and switch of the new medical professionalism more apparent now?
The concept "social justice" was the bait. The folks at ABIM, ABIMF, ACP and RWJ declared without even a token effort at historical justification that part of professionalism for physicians was social justice. That 2002 publication entitled " Medical Professionalism in the New Millennium.A physician charter " did not specify exactly how physicians might work for social justice in their role as physicians.Neither did they offer an operational meaning for social justice which is par for course for folks who promote a collectivist agenda, the ambiguity having significant rhetorical value.Progressive and liberals love the notion of social justice and would readily give their approval to this new and improved medical professionalism. Conservatives and libertarians not so much but some went alone to get along to avoid accusations of political incorrectness.
Now the switch. Physicians could/should work for social justice by being stewards of society's scarce medical resources and that could be done by following guidelines and in that way a fair and equitable distribution of resources could be brought about.
Never mind that the most widely acceptable definition of social justice is redistribution of resources from those who can afford it to those more disadvantaged. This in not what is being promulgated. The ABIM (F) and ACP and RWJF are advocating for parsimonious care in their Choosing Wisely campaign which to the degree it is successful will decrease care for everyone, at least everyone who depends on their insurance ( private or public) for medical care. Who gains ? The third party payers and the medical progressive elite and fellow travelers who write the guidelines.
Dr, Scott W Atlas writes here about the two tiered health care that Obamacare will intensify, an interesting irony since folks who continue to defend Obamacare insist that one of the success of it is to further social justice. This is a strange social justice in which the poor and middle class may get less care while the connected and wealthy will do much better and in which the young and well subsidize the older and sicker folks even though many of the older are financially better off if only because they may have remnants of lifetimes of earnings.
addendum: minor spelling and grammar corrections made on 8/8/14
Now the switch. Physicians could/should work for social justice by being stewards of society's scarce medical resources and that could be done by following guidelines and in that way a fair and equitable distribution of resources could be brought about.
Never mind that the most widely acceptable definition of social justice is redistribution of resources from those who can afford it to those more disadvantaged. This in not what is being promulgated. The ABIM (F) and ACP and RWJF are advocating for parsimonious care in their Choosing Wisely campaign which to the degree it is successful will decrease care for everyone, at least everyone who depends on their insurance ( private or public) for medical care. Who gains ? The third party payers and the medical progressive elite and fellow travelers who write the guidelines.
Dr, Scott W Atlas writes here about the two tiered health care that Obamacare will intensify, an interesting irony since folks who continue to defend Obamacare insist that one of the success of it is to further social justice. This is a strange social justice in which the poor and middle class may get less care while the connected and wealthy will do much better and in which the young and well subsidize the older and sicker folks even though many of the older are financially better off if only because they may have remnants of lifetimes of earnings.
addendum: minor spelling and grammar corrections made on 8/8/14
Tuesday, May 06, 2014
Has the third party medical payers' dream come true,physicians as medical resource stewards practicing parsimonious care working for the common good
No longer do the third party payers (TPP) have to deal with the physicians and patients working against their bottom line. Physicians, patients and the TPP will work together in harmony in the land of rainbows,unicorns and the big rock candy mountain.All the stakeholders can get together and work on ways to eliminate waste,low value care and conserve the third party payer's society's scarce resources.Actually TPP have not been dealing with physicians for some time now, they interact with providers of health care.
The following dream of the TPPs might just be coming true:
Careful analysis of aggregate data in which patients will gladly participate will allow cost effective guidelines to be written and executed as all players will realize the wisdom in maximizing the health and well being of the population.The utilitarian ethic of the greatest good for the group will be recognized as the only sensible alternative to the selfish pursuit of individual gain which previously motivated both the selfish patient,concerned as she was with her own health and the health of her family and the avaricious physician,driven as he was by the flawed and destructive fee for service system. Value not quantity will be served .
Third party payers should be eternally grateful to the progressive thinking leadership of such organizations as the American Board of Internal Medicine and its foundation,the ABIMF (which was generously funded by the thousands of socially minded internists who sat for repeated examinations) and the thought leaders at The American College of Physicians (ACP) who managed to convince many that providing less care is better for everyone not the least of which are the third party payers and the medical progressive elite who alone will have the wisdom and expertise to determine what is best for everyone.
Can the Choosing Wisely campaign be explained by 1)the follow the money principle and 2)the Baptist and Bootlegger story.
Of course , the dream perhaps had not been completely realized yet. There are still obstacles to overcome;
1) the self interest of the patient and the patient's family. Most people do not think when they develop chest pain " I'm going to the Emergency Room to see how the Doctor can balance my immediate needs with those of society. In other words, one aspect of that darned incentive problem.It is hard to stamp out that pesky tendency of folks to try and act in their own interests and in the interest of those they care deeply about.
2 )that pesky Mal-practice issue . So far the argument that Mr..Jones did badly but it was OK because we followed the latest cost effectiveness guideline has not risen to the level of a major legal defense
3) Reminiscent of the WWII. Japanese soldiers who held out for years on isolated islands not aware they had lost, there are still some physicians who,perhaps educated in an earlier era with a different and less enlightened ethical upbringing , still believe and as if they are the fiduciaries of their patient.Perhaps time will take care of those dead-enders but until then the TPP utopia will not be completely realized in spite of the well funded campaign to convince physicians of their duty to conserve medical resources by following guidelines.
The following dream of the TPPs might just be coming true:
Careful analysis of aggregate data in which patients will gladly participate will allow cost effective guidelines to be written and executed as all players will realize the wisdom in maximizing the health and well being of the population.The utilitarian ethic of the greatest good for the group will be recognized as the only sensible alternative to the selfish pursuit of individual gain which previously motivated both the selfish patient,concerned as she was with her own health and the health of her family and the avaricious physician,driven as he was by the flawed and destructive fee for service system. Value not quantity will be served .
Third party payers should be eternally grateful to the progressive thinking leadership of such organizations as the American Board of Internal Medicine and its foundation,the ABIMF (which was generously funded by the thousands of socially minded internists who sat for repeated examinations) and the thought leaders at The American College of Physicians (ACP) who managed to convince many that providing less care is better for everyone not the least of which are the third party payers and the medical progressive elite who alone will have the wisdom and expertise to determine what is best for everyone.
Can the Choosing Wisely campaign be explained by 1)the follow the money principle and 2)the Baptist and Bootlegger story.
Of course , the dream perhaps had not been completely realized yet. There are still obstacles to overcome;
1) the self interest of the patient and the patient's family. Most people do not think when they develop chest pain " I'm going to the Emergency Room to see how the Doctor can balance my immediate needs with those of society. In other words, one aspect of that darned incentive problem.It is hard to stamp out that pesky tendency of folks to try and act in their own interests and in the interest of those they care deeply about.
2 )that pesky Mal-practice issue . So far the argument that Mr..Jones did badly but it was OK because we followed the latest cost effectiveness guideline has not risen to the level of a major legal defense
3) Reminiscent of the WWII. Japanese soldiers who held out for years on isolated islands not aware they had lost, there are still some physicians who,perhaps educated in an earlier era with a different and less enlightened ethical upbringing , still believe and as if they are the fiduciaries of their patient.Perhaps time will take care of those dead-enders but until then the TPP utopia will not be completely realized in spite of the well funded campaign to convince physicians of their duty to conserve medical resources by following guidelines.
Tuesday, April 29, 2014
Is the "social justice" of ABIMF and ACP what John Rawls had in mind?
The stated reason for the existence of the American Board of Internal Medicine Foundation (ABIMF) is to further medical professionalism.,the three principles of which are patient welfare,patient autonomy and social justice. By social justice they seem to mean the " just and cost effective distribution of finite [medical] resources ".
The Choosing Wisely campaign is promulgated by ABIMF and in its original version was an seemingly innocent and well intentioned suggestion that physicians and patients have a frank discussion about medical procedures and treatments to the end of trying to minimize those that might be wasteful and/or harmful. Of course,everyone want to do away with waste and harm.but it is morphing into something much more than that. Suggestions are being made and gaining momentum that lists should be made of those procedures and treatments that are "low value" which will be defined as falling below some threshold of quality adjusted life years (QALY) per amount of money. A figure of $150,000 per QALY is being proposed.Further, there are suggestions that CMS enforce the dictates of the Choosing Wisely campaign.
Note-if it is "determined" that something's value is "low" i.e if less than some dollar amount per QALY then physicians should not recommend that procedure and third party payers might just not cover it. So patients dependent on third party payers to obtain that procedure would not receive it while more affluent folks who are free to pay for their own treatments would be able to obtain this so called low value procedures.
Social justice is a slippery term and its ambiguity may serve promotion of a given social movement but it is generally recognized to be redistributive justice.Rawls said that redistribution would be acceptable only if the most disadvantaged members of society would benefit.
If the plan to suggest that "low value" treatment should not be done, then no one should receive it , at least in theory. But in practice it may well mean that those who cannot afford to pay for it on their own would not receive it, and such a group certainly would include the most disadvantaged members of society. Not a very Rawlian outcome.
Further, Rawls did not support decisions made on utilitarian grounds. The cost effectiveness analysis of the QALY calculus is clearly based on the dictum greatest good for the greatest number. Rawls believed that this approach did not support the autonomy,the individual rights and dignity of the individual.
Dr. Christine Cassel and Dr. Virginia Hood,both leaders of the American College of Physicians spoke of "parsimonious care". Social justice a la Rawls would champion more care for the most disadvantaged .Parsimonious care is less care for everyone in theory but in practice the affluent may get it anyway. so who gains from that? Third party payers comes to mind.The ACP and ABIMF and others are going on a full court press to convince physicians that they are population doctors and to conserve resources they should follow guidelines. This will achieve the re-defined, non-Rawlian , social justice imperative that they have said is required of physicians .Adherence to guidelines it is argued will improve the health of the collective though some individuals will suffer but the bottom line of the third party payers and ACOs will not suffer and the medical elite mandarins will also do well.
Minor spelling,grammar and punctuation changes made on 7/11/14.
The Choosing Wisely campaign is promulgated by ABIMF and in its original version was an seemingly innocent and well intentioned suggestion that physicians and patients have a frank discussion about medical procedures and treatments to the end of trying to minimize those that might be wasteful and/or harmful. Of course,everyone want to do away with waste and harm.but it is morphing into something much more than that. Suggestions are being made and gaining momentum that lists should be made of those procedures and treatments that are "low value" which will be defined as falling below some threshold of quality adjusted life years (QALY) per amount of money. A figure of $150,000 per QALY is being proposed.Further, there are suggestions that CMS enforce the dictates of the Choosing Wisely campaign.
Note-if it is "determined" that something's value is "low" i.e if less than some dollar amount per QALY then physicians should not recommend that procedure and third party payers might just not cover it. So patients dependent on third party payers to obtain that procedure would not receive it while more affluent folks who are free to pay for their own treatments would be able to obtain this so called low value procedures.
Social justice is a slippery term and its ambiguity may serve promotion of a given social movement but it is generally recognized to be redistributive justice.Rawls said that redistribution would be acceptable only if the most disadvantaged members of society would benefit.
If the plan to suggest that "low value" treatment should not be done, then no one should receive it , at least in theory. But in practice it may well mean that those who cannot afford to pay for it on their own would not receive it, and such a group certainly would include the most disadvantaged members of society. Not a very Rawlian outcome.
Further, Rawls did not support decisions made on utilitarian grounds. The cost effectiveness analysis of the QALY calculus is clearly based on the dictum greatest good for the greatest number. Rawls believed that this approach did not support the autonomy,the individual rights and dignity of the individual.
Dr. Christine Cassel and Dr. Virginia Hood,both leaders of the American College of Physicians spoke of "parsimonious care". Social justice a la Rawls would champion more care for the most disadvantaged .Parsimonious care is less care for everyone in theory but in practice the affluent may get it anyway. so who gains from that? Third party payers comes to mind.The ACP and ABIMF and others are going on a full court press to convince physicians that they are population doctors and to conserve resources they should follow guidelines. This will achieve the re-defined, non-Rawlian , social justice imperative that they have said is required of physicians .Adherence to guidelines it is argued will improve the health of the collective though some individuals will suffer but the bottom line of the third party payers and ACOs will not suffer and the medical elite mandarins will also do well.
Minor spelling,grammar and punctuation changes made on 7/11/14.
Thursday, April 17, 2014
Another chapter in the never endling clash between the collective and the individual regarding health care
The following comments were inspired by this insightful and very well written commentary by Margarit Gur-Arie entitled "Is the Nuremberg Code Obsolete?" After reading about where the cronies at IOM and the ideologues at Hasting Institute want to take us, I have to shout "It sure as hell better not be obsolete and do you people even know anything about the events that took place in Europe (or Macon county,Alabama for that matter) in the 20th century and why we have the Code in the first place."
One of the more troubling developments in recent years in medical care is the seemingly increasing acceptance of the notion of the importance of the health of the collective even if sometimes to the determent of the welfare of the individual and that the latter seem to exist for the welfare of the former.
One of the latest twists here is that some are arguing that certain types of clinical research can be done without getting consent of the participants or even informing them about what it going on.
Quoting Gur-Arie:
" The Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) held a public hearing in August 2013 regarding the nature of informed consent for randomized clinical trials...., two very distinct opinions regarding consent emerge from reading the various testimonies before the committee. The traditional opinion argues that there is a difference between treatment and research and that informed consent is required for both, including study of “standard care” interventions, CER and QI; that randomization always deprives research subjects of the judgment of their physician and that these issues are governed by law (e.g. the Constitution and such). The progressive view, presented by testimony from members of the Institute of Medicine (IOM), its Clinical Effectiveness Research Innovation Collaborative (CERIC), NIH and other research establishments, posits that randomization of “standard care” interventions poses no additional risks to patients, since doctors’ decisions are essentially like flipping a coin anyway, and therefore patients in this new learning system may be subjected to randomized CER and QI experiments without explicit consent and with minimal, if any, information (e.g. “something posted on the door”)."
Related is this Hasting Center report which speaks of (with my bolding):
"The obligation of patients to contribute to the common
Wow, here is a group composed mainly of several ethicists from Johns Hopkins who presume to define an obligation for everyone and redefine the ethics of medical research, a goal they openly admit to in the first paragraph of their report.Everyone has an obligation to work for the common purpose of better health care.
Once all the health care providers and all the patients work together to participate in and gather the data about various medical tests and treatments the very smart people will be able to analyze it all and determine what is best for the collective. Utopian health care is within the reach of the very smart people with ideas.
One of the more troubling developments in recent years in medical care is the seemingly increasing acceptance of the notion of the importance of the health of the collective even if sometimes to the determent of the welfare of the individual and that the latter seem to exist for the welfare of the former.
One of the latest twists here is that some are arguing that certain types of clinical research can be done without getting consent of the participants or even informing them about what it going on.
Quoting Gur-Arie:
" The Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) held a public hearing in August 2013 regarding the nature of informed consent for randomized clinical trials...., two very distinct opinions regarding consent emerge from reading the various testimonies before the committee. The traditional opinion argues that there is a difference between treatment and research and that informed consent is required for both, including study of “standard care” interventions, CER and QI; that randomization always deprives research subjects of the judgment of their physician and that these issues are governed by law (e.g. the Constitution and such). The progressive view, presented by testimony from members of the Institute of Medicine (IOM), its Clinical Effectiveness Research Innovation Collaborative (CERIC), NIH and other research establishments, posits that randomization of “standard care” interventions poses no additional risks to patients, since doctors’ decisions are essentially like flipping a coin anyway, and therefore patients in this new learning system may be subjected to randomized CER and QI experiments without explicit consent and with minimal, if any, information (e.g. “something posted on the door”)."
Related is this Hasting Center report which speaks of (with my bolding):
"The obligation of patients to contribute to the common
purpose of improving the quality and value of clinical care
and the health care system.
Traditional codes, declarations,
and government reports in research ethics and clinical ethics
have never emphasized obligations of patients to contribute
to knowledge as research subjects. These traditional presumptions
need to change. Just as health professionals and
organizations have an obligation to learn, patients have an
obligation to contribute to, participate in, and otherwise facilitate learning.
This obligation is justified by what we call a norm of
common purpose. This norm of common purpose is similar
to what John Rawls calls the principle of the common good."
Wow, here is a group composed mainly of several ethicists from Johns Hopkins who presume to define an obligation for everyone and redefine the ethics of medical research, a goal they openly admit to in the first paragraph of their report.Everyone has an obligation to work for the common purpose of better health care.
Once all the health care providers and all the patients work together to participate in and gather the data about various medical tests and treatments the very smart people will be able to analyze it all and determine what is best for the collective. Utopian health care is within the reach of the very smart people with ideas.
Thursday, April 10, 2014
More internists are failing the MOC exam-why could that be? Resistance to ABIM's MOC grows.
Why are more internists failing the Maintenance of Certification (MOC) exam? Kevin Pho on his medical blog offers two suggestions. See here. One reason is what I call the economically driven bifurcation of internists into hospitalists and officists and the disuse atrophy of hospital care skills in the office bound docs and the lack of familiarity with the preventive care changes and routine treatment of non acutely ill patients on the part of the hospitalists. If you don't treat respiratory failure,sepsis and acute heart failure on a regular basis you might just not do as well on the boards. The second reason Pho suggested is that the hassle factor in office care is now so high , with insurance,computer,and quality measures documentation ever increasing that the fire in the belly to try and keep up with everything may be burning too low to try and keep current on conditions you no longer are called upon to manage.
The suggestion that there should be one test for the hospital based internist and another for the officist has some merit but what about the dwelling number of dinosaurs who still try to do both. Of course that group is rapidly dying out.
And the more I read and hear about the absurd hoops internists are expected to jump through to try and satisfy the ever onerous non-test aspects of the ABPM's MOC process, the happier I am that I retired.See here for a great presentation of the clown-designed MOC program authored by the leadership at the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM).
I am pleased to see that there is at least some organized,as well as much unorganized, effort to resist or maybe even boycott the latest MOC affront imposed by the well paid folks at ABIM. See here and here. Further, mega kudos to Dr. Paul M. Kempen for his efforts to resist the MOC movement. Read what he has to say here. See here for Dr. Wes Fisher's comments re the big business that testing physicians has turned into.
Also of interest are the questions posed by Dr. Marc S. Frager to Dr. Richard J. Baron as well as Dr. Barron's reply.See here.
If you want to sign a petition to urge the ABIM to rescind their latest edicts regarding MOC ,go here.
It is easy to find much anger and indignation directed towards the ABIM and recent revelations about possible conflicts of interests regarding its leadership has fanned the flames even more.
The suggestion that there should be one test for the hospital based internist and another for the officist has some merit but what about the dwelling number of dinosaurs who still try to do both. Of course that group is rapidly dying out.
And the more I read and hear about the absurd hoops internists are expected to jump through to try and satisfy the ever onerous non-test aspects of the ABPM's MOC process, the happier I am that I retired.See here for a great presentation of the clown-designed MOC program authored by the leadership at the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM).
I am pleased to see that there is at least some organized,as well as much unorganized, effort to resist or maybe even boycott the latest MOC affront imposed by the well paid folks at ABIM. See here and here. Further, mega kudos to Dr. Paul M. Kempen for his efforts to resist the MOC movement. Read what he has to say here. See here for Dr. Wes Fisher's comments re the big business that testing physicians has turned into.
Also of interest are the questions posed by Dr. Marc S. Frager to Dr. Richard J. Baron as well as Dr. Barron's reply.See here.
If you want to sign a petition to urge the ABIM to rescind their latest edicts regarding MOC ,go here.
It is easy to find much anger and indignation directed towards the ABIM and recent revelations about possible conflicts of interests regarding its leadership has fanned the flames even more.
Friday, March 21, 2014
Adam Smith's Men of Systems and the progressive medical elite
Adam smith spoke of the men of system- men with a dangerous mixture of hubris and naivete who presumed to know what is best for every one and how to plan to bring that optimal state into being.
The following commentary highlights the views of some physicians who might be considered the medical men of system.
The following quote from Drs Don Berwick and Troyen Brennan in their appropriately named book, "New Rules" captures the essence of the fundamental nature of how men of system would arrange medical care.
"Today, this isolated relationship[ he is speaking of the physician patient relationship] is no longer tenable or possible… Traditional medical ethics, based on the doctor-patient dyad must be reformulated to fit the new mold of the delivery of health care...Regulation must evolve. Regulating for improved medical care involves designing appropriate rules with authority...Health care is being rationalized through critical pathways and guidelines. The primary function of regulation in health care, especially as it affects the quality of medical care, is to constrain decentralized individualized decision making
Dr. Robert Berenson strikes a seemingly different but clearly related note in a commentary in the Annals of Internal Medicine , 1998,pg 395--402. in which he promotes the health of the collective rather than the individual patient :
"We propose that devotion to the best interests of each individual be replaced with an ethic of devotion to the best interests of the group for which the physician is personally responsible."
Berenson recommends a replacement of the fiduciary duty of the physician to the patient with a duty to a group while Berwick and Brennan talk about dissolution of the physician patient relationship and moving the locus of medical decision making away from the physician and his patient to a reliance of authoritarian rules.
More recently Berenson has this to say:
"we ought to consider setting all payer-rates for providers." He continues "but the country's antigovernment mood renders such a discussion unlikely,at least for now"
A series of articles in JAMA in 1994 (Rationing Resources while improving Quality) by Dr. David Eddy also recommended a utilitarian type medical care structure in which funds would be spent on medical tests and treatments that were most likely to benefit some majority subset so that in the aggregate there would allegedly be a greater good for the greatest number.
Dr. John Benson is the former CEO of ABIM and ABIMF and had this to say recently on the ABIMF's website:
" ABIM could require candidates to achieve a perfect score on questions related to costs and redundant care as a requirement for admission to secure exams for initial certification or MOC."
So, for candidates for certification or the ABIM's Maintenance of Certification to even be allowed to take the tests they would have to recite,perfectly, the catechism of the brainchild of ABIMF ,the "Choosing Wisely" guidelines.
This alone, in my opinion,should qualify Dr. Benson for membership,along with the aforementioned doctors,in the Medical Men of System hall of fame.
The recommendations of Berwick,Brennan,Berenson and Eddy were met by some vocal resistance as least as documented by letters to the editors in JAMA and the Annal of Internal Medicine . These authors were advocating a paradigm shift ,arguing for a 180 degree reversal of traditional medical ethics for which , I believe, physicians at the time were not ready and I hope are not ready now but...
But there is another way to gather support for a sea change in medical ethics and practice behavior,one that will also bring about greater concern for the collective and aggregate outcomes and that will to a large and ever increasing degree move the locus of medical decision making from the individual dyads to a central decider .
This other way is to nudge physicians and later shove them a bit into the acceptance of the notion that physicians have a duty to work for social justice and to act as stewards of the nation"s finite medical resources.To strive for social justice is a political position, one that does not necessarily have any professional links. To declare, or assert gratuitously , as was done the in the publication known as the Medical Charter that physicians have an obligation to strive for social justice represented a audacious move,one that I am afraid has been at least nominally successful.
To close with a quote from Adam Smith's "Theory of Moral Sentiments" :
"The man of system, on the contrary, is apt to be very wise in his own conceit; and is often so enamored with the supposed beauty of his own ideal plan of government, that he cannot suffer the smallest deviation from any part of it. He goes on to establish it completely and in all its parts, without any regard either to the great interests, or to the strong prejudices which may oppose it. He seems to imagine that he can arrange the different members of a great society with as much ease as the hand arranges the different pieces upon a chess-board. He does not consider that the pieces upon the chess-board have no other principle of motion besides that which the hand impresses upon them; but that, in the great chess-board of human society, every single piece has a principle of motion of its own,"
addendum: Minor editorial changes made 9/12/14
The following commentary highlights the views of some physicians who might be considered the medical men of system.
The following quote from Drs Don Berwick and Troyen Brennan in their appropriately named book, "New Rules" captures the essence of the fundamental nature of how men of system would arrange medical care.
"Today, this isolated relationship[ he is speaking of the physician patient relationship] is no longer tenable or possible… Traditional medical ethics, based on the doctor-patient dyad must be reformulated to fit the new mold of the delivery of health care...Regulation must evolve. Regulating for improved medical care involves designing appropriate rules with authority...Health care is being rationalized through critical pathways and guidelines. The primary function of regulation in health care, especially as it affects the quality of medical care, is to constrain decentralized individualized decision making
Dr. Robert Berenson strikes a seemingly different but clearly related note in a commentary in the Annals of Internal Medicine , 1998,pg 395--402. in which he promotes the health of the collective rather than the individual patient :
"We propose that devotion to the best interests of each individual be replaced with an ethic of devotion to the best interests of the group for which the physician is personally responsible."
Berenson recommends a replacement of the fiduciary duty of the physician to the patient with a duty to a group while Berwick and Brennan talk about dissolution of the physician patient relationship and moving the locus of medical decision making away from the physician and his patient to a reliance of authoritarian rules.
More recently Berenson has this to say:
"we ought to consider setting all payer-rates for providers." He continues "but the country's antigovernment mood renders such a discussion unlikely,at least for now"
A series of articles in JAMA in 1994 (Rationing Resources while improving Quality) by Dr. David Eddy also recommended a utilitarian type medical care structure in which funds would be spent on medical tests and treatments that were most likely to benefit some majority subset so that in the aggregate there would allegedly be a greater good for the greatest number.
Dr. John Benson is the former CEO of ABIM and ABIMF and had this to say recently on the ABIMF's website:
" ABIM could require candidates to achieve a perfect score on questions related to costs and redundant care as a requirement for admission to secure exams for initial certification or MOC."
So, for candidates for certification or the ABIM's Maintenance of Certification to even be allowed to take the tests they would have to recite,perfectly, the catechism of the brainchild of ABIMF ,the "Choosing Wisely" guidelines.
This alone, in my opinion,should qualify Dr. Benson for membership,along with the aforementioned doctors,in the Medical Men of System hall of fame.
The recommendations of Berwick,Brennan,Berenson and Eddy were met by some vocal resistance as least as documented by letters to the editors in JAMA and the Annal of Internal Medicine . These authors were advocating a paradigm shift ,arguing for a 180 degree reversal of traditional medical ethics for which , I believe, physicians at the time were not ready and I hope are not ready now but...
But there is another way to gather support for a sea change in medical ethics and practice behavior,one that will also bring about greater concern for the collective and aggregate outcomes and that will to a large and ever increasing degree move the locus of medical decision making from the individual dyads to a central decider .
This other way is to nudge physicians and later shove them a bit into the acceptance of the notion that physicians have a duty to work for social justice and to act as stewards of the nation"s finite medical resources.To strive for social justice is a political position, one that does not necessarily have any professional links. To declare, or assert gratuitously , as was done the in the publication known as the Medical Charter that physicians have an obligation to strive for social justice represented a audacious move,one that I am afraid has been at least nominally successful.
To close with a quote from Adam Smith's "Theory of Moral Sentiments" :
"The man of system, on the contrary, is apt to be very wise in his own conceit; and is often so enamored with the supposed beauty of his own ideal plan of government, that he cannot suffer the smallest deviation from any part of it. He goes on to establish it completely and in all its parts, without any regard either to the great interests, or to the strong prejudices which may oppose it. He seems to imagine that he can arrange the different members of a great society with as much ease as the hand arranges the different pieces upon a chess-board. He does not consider that the pieces upon the chess-board have no other principle of motion besides that which the hand impresses upon them; but that, in the great chess-board of human society, every single piece has a principle of motion of its own,"
addendum: Minor editorial changes made 9/12/14
Thursday, March 06, 2014
Breaking news-OBM discovers economics prinicple of "incentives matter"
Several of my favorite economists have said that the real good stuff in economics is revealed in the econ 101 courses. One of the secrets revealed is that "incentives matter".
Milton Friedman said most of economics could be boiled down to two thoughts; 1) there is no free lunch 2)demand curves slope downwards which simply means people tend to buy more if something costs less and tend to buy less if something costs more.
Another principle is that generally supply curves slope upward which means that someone will tend to supply more of something if the price increases and tends to supply less if the price is lower.
The Chicago economist Casey Mulligan has been making that point for some time in regard to certain aspects of Obamacare.Obamacare provides subsidies for folks when their income falls below a specified threshold.If they work more and earn more and exceed that threshold they loose that subsidy.Hence the incentive to work less.In other words, less labor will be supplied if the effective pay is less which is what happens when someone works more and loose a subsidy so your net income falls. As Mulligan says you can decrease employment by changes in the supply side as well as by changes in the demand side.
The downward sloping demand curves notion enters into the Obamacare employment issue as well. If an employer has to provide health insurance or be fined if he employes more than 50 people the incentive is to keep his employee count under that number because the cost of hiring the 51th person is too high. He will tend to hire fewer employees when the cost of hiring increases.
See here for a WSJ article on Prof.Mulligan and his work and comments and how OMB finally caught on.
Milton Friedman said most of economics could be boiled down to two thoughts; 1) there is no free lunch 2)demand curves slope downwards which simply means people tend to buy more if something costs less and tend to buy less if something costs more.
Another principle is that generally supply curves slope upward which means that someone will tend to supply more of something if the price increases and tends to supply less if the price is lower.
The Chicago economist Casey Mulligan has been making that point for some time in regard to certain aspects of Obamacare.Obamacare provides subsidies for folks when their income falls below a specified threshold.If they work more and earn more and exceed that threshold they loose that subsidy.Hence the incentive to work less.In other words, less labor will be supplied if the effective pay is less which is what happens when someone works more and loose a subsidy so your net income falls. As Mulligan says you can decrease employment by changes in the supply side as well as by changes in the demand side.
The downward sloping demand curves notion enters into the Obamacare employment issue as well. If an employer has to provide health insurance or be fined if he employes more than 50 people the incentive is to keep his employee count under that number because the cost of hiring the 51th person is too high. He will tend to hire fewer employees when the cost of hiring increases.
See here for a WSJ article on Prof.Mulligan and his work and comments and how OMB finally caught on.
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